Compara mètodes

	Optimització basada en substituts	Estratègia Evolutiva (CMA-ES)
Camp	Optimització	Optimització
Família	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Any d'origen	1989 (computer experiments formulation)	2001
Autor original	Sacks, Welch, Mitchell & Wynn (computer experiments framework, 1989); Kriging popularised by Matheron (1963)	Nikolaus Hansen & Andreas Ostermeier
Tipus	Metamodel-assisted black-box optimization	Derivative-free continuous black-box optimizer
Font seminal	Forrester, A., Sobester, A., & Keane, A. (2008). Engineering Design via Surrogate Modelling: A Practical Guide. Wiley.	Hansen, N. & Ostermeier, A. (2001). Completely Derandomized Self-Adaptation in Evolutionary Strategies. Evolutionary Computation, 9(2), 159-195.
Àlies	Vekil Model Tabanlı Optimizasyon (Surrogate-Based), metamodel-assisted optimization, surrogate modelling, emulator-based optimization	CMA-ES, Evolution Strategy, Evrimsel Strateji (CMA-ES), self-adapting evolution strategy
Relacionats	5	5
Resum	Surrogate-based optimization, formalized in the computer-experiments framework of Sacks et al. (1989) and popularized for engineering by Forrester et al. (2008), replaces a prohibitively expensive simulation or physical experiment with a cheap approximate model — called a surrogate or metamodel — and then optimizes that surrogate instead. The surrogate is typically a Kriging (Gaussian Process), Radial Basis Function, or polynomial response surface fitted to a small set of carefully chosen design evaluations and periodically updated as the search progresses.	CMA-ES, short for Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy, is a modern derivative-free optimizer for continuous black-box functions introduced by Hansen and Ostermeier in 2001. It maintains a population of candidate solutions drawn from a multivariate normal distribution and iteratively updates the distribution's mean, step size, and full covariance matrix to steer the search toward better regions of the parameter space. It has become the de-facto standard for continuous black-box optimization and is widely used in neural architecture search and reinforcement-learning policy optimization.