পদ্ধতির তুলনা করুন

	কইন্টিগ্রেশনের জন্য রোবাস্ট এআরডিএল বাউন্ডস টেস্ট	ARDL বাউন্ডস টেস্ট (পেসারান বাউন্ডস টেস্ট)	জোহানসেন কোইন্টিগ্রেশন পরীক্ষা এবং ভেক্টর এরর কারেকশন মডেল	অরৈখিক এআরডিএল (NARDL) মডেল
ক্ষেত্র	অর্থমিতি	অর্থমিতি	অর্থায়ন	অর্থমিতি
পরিবার	Regression model	Regression model	Regression model	Regression model
উদ্ভবের বছর	2019	2001	1991	2014
প্রবর্তক	Sam, McNown & Goh	Pesaran, Shin & Smith	Søren Johansen	Shin, Yu & Greenwood-Nimmo
ধরন	Cointegration test	Cointegration test / Autoregressive distributed lag model	Multivariate cointegration / vector error correction model	Nonlinear cointegration model
মৌলিক উৎস	Sam, C. Y., McNown, R., & Goh, S. K. (2019). An augmented autoregressive distributed lag bounds test for cointegration. Economic Modelling, 80, 130-141.	Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds Testing Approaches to the Analysis of Level Relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289–326.	Johansen, S. (1991). Estimation and Hypothesis Testing of Cointegration Vectors in Gaussian Vector Autoregressive Models. Econometrica, 59(6), 1551-1580.	Shin, Y., Yu, B., & Greenwood-Nimmo, M. (2014). Modelling asymmetric cointegration and dynamic multipliers in a nonlinear ARDL framework. In R. C. Sickles & W. C. Horrace (Eds.), Festschrift in Honor of Peter Schmidt: Econometric Methods and Applications (pp. 281–314). Springer.
অপর নাম	Robust ARDL, Robust bounds testing approach, Sam-McNown-Goh bounds test, Bootstrap ARDL bounds test	Pesaran bounds test, bounds testing approach, ARDL cointegration test, ARDL Sınır Testi (Pesaran Bounds Test)	Johansen test, VECM, vector error correction model, multivariate cointegration	NARDL, nonlinear bounds test, asymmetric ARDL, asymmetric cointegration model
সম্পর্কিত	3	4	3	5
সারসংক্ষেপ	The Robust ARDL bounds test is an augmented version of the Pesaran-Shin-Smith (2001) ARDL bounds testing approach that resolves its two key weaknesses: size distortion under mixed integration orders and the degenerate-case problem. It introduces three separate test statistics — an overall F-test and two new Wald statistics for the dependent and independent variables — evaluated against bootstrap-generated critical values.	The ARDL bounds test is an autoregressive distributed lag method that tests for a cointegrating (long-run level) relationship between time series, introduced by Pesaran, Shin and Smith in 2001. Unlike the Johansen procedure, it remains valid whether the variables are I(0), I(1) or a mix of the two, and it is more reliable than Johansen in small samples of roughly 30 to 80 observations.	The Johansen procedure is a multivariate cointegration framework, introduced by Søren Johansen in 1991, that tests for long-run equilibrium relationships among several I(1) time series. It determines how many cointegrating vectors link the series and then builds a Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) to describe the short-run dynamics around that equilibrium.	The Nonlinear ARDL (NARDL) model extends the linear ARDL bounds-testing framework to allow asymmetric long-run and short-run relationships. By decomposing the regressor into cumulative positive and negative partial sums, it tests whether increases and decreases in a variable exert different effects on the outcome — a feature especially relevant in financial and energy economics where positive and negative shocks rarely cancel out symmetrically.