قارن الطرق

	نموذج TGARCH للبيانات المقطعية (Threshold GARCH for Panel Data)	نموذج GJR-GARCH (GARCH غير المتماثل)	Panel EGARCH	نموذج التأثيرات الثابتة لبيانات السلاسل الزمنية المقطعية
المجال	الاقتصاد القياسي	الاقتصاد القياسي	الاقتصاد القياسي	الاقتصاد القياسي
العائلة	Regression model	Regression model	Regression model	Regression model
سنة النشأة	1993–1994 (panel extension: 2000s onward)	1993	1991 (EGARCH); panel extensions widely used from 2000s	2014
صاحب الطريقة	Glosten, Jagannathan & Runkle (1993); Zakoian (1994); extended to panel settings by subsequent applied finance literature	Glosten, Jagannathan & Runkle (1993); Zakoian (1994)	Daniel B. Nelson (EGARCH); panel extension by applied econometrics literature	Hsiao (textbook treatment); within transformation of panel data
النوع	Asymmetric conditional volatility model	Asymmetric conditional volatility model	Volatility model	Panel data regression
المصدر التأسيسي	Glosten, L. R., Jagannathan, R., & Runkle, D. E. (1993). On the relation between the expected value and the volatility of the nominal excess return on stocks. Journal of Finance, 48(5), 1779–1801.	Glosten, L. R., Jagannathan, R. & Runkle, D. E. (1993). On the Relation Between the Expected Value and the Volatility of the Nominal Excess Return on Stocks. The Journal of Finance, 48(5), 1779-1801.	Nelson, D. B. (1991). Conditional heteroskedasticity in asset returns: A new approach. Econometrica, 59(2), 347–370.	Hsiao, C. (2014). Analysis of Panel Data (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
الأسماء البديلة	Panel GJR-GARCH, Panel Asymmetric GARCH, Panel Threshold GARCH, TGARCH panel model	asymmetric GARCH, leverage GARCH, TGARCH, GJR-GARCH — Asimetrik GARCH (Glosten-Jagannathan-Runkle)	Panel EGARCH model, panel exponential GARCH, EGARCH for panel data, cross-sectional EGARCH	fixed effects model, within estimator, panel fixed-effects regression, Panel Veri — Sabit Etkiler Modeli
ذات صلة	4	5	4	5
الملخص	Panel TGARCH extends the Threshold GARCH (GJR-GARCH) model to panel data, allowing each cross-sectional unit to exhibit asymmetric volatility responses — where negative shocks generate larger variance increases than positive shocks of the same magnitude — while exploiting the cross-sectional dimension to obtain more efficient parameter estimates.	GJR-GARCH is a variant of the GARCH conditional-volatility model that captures the asymmetric effect of negative shocks on volatility using an indicator variable. It was introduced by Glosten, Jagannathan and Runkle (1993), with a closely related threshold formulation by Zakoian (1994).	Panel EGARCH extends Nelson's (1991) Exponential GARCH model to a panel setting, allowing conditional variance to evolve asymmetrically over time for each cross-sectional unit. The log specification ensures non-negative variance without parameter constraints, and the leverage term distinguishes whether negative shocks amplify volatility more than positive ones of equal magnitude.	The Panel Data Fixed Effects model estimates relationships from panel data (the same units observed over several time periods) while controlling for unit- and/or time-specific effects, supporting causal inference. It is developed as the within estimator in standard treatments such as Hsiao's Analysis of Panel Data (2014).