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以内容为本的研究方法参考文库——每种方法是什么、如何运作、源自何处。

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decision making

PIF-MARCOS

PIF-MARCOS (PiF-MARCOS — Picture extension of MARCOS) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Cuong, B. C., Kreinovich, V. in 2013. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 个来源2013
decision making

PIF-MOORA

PIF-MOORA (PiF-MOORA — Picture extension of MOORA) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Cuong, B. C., Kreinovich, V. in 2013. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 个来源2013
decision making

PIF-SAW

PIF-SAW (PiF-SAW — Picture extension of SAW) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Cuong, B. C., Kreinovich, V. in 2013. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 个来源2013
decision making

PIF-TODIM

PIF-TODIM (PiF-TODIM — Picture extension of TODIM) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Cuong, B. C., Kreinovich, V. in 2013. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 个来源2013
decision making

PIF-TOPSIS

PIF-TOPSIS (PiF-TOPSIS — Picture extension of TOPSIS) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Cuong, B. C., Kreinovich, V. in 2013. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 个来源2013
decision making

PIF-VIKOR

PIF-VIKOR (PiF-VIKOR — Picture extension of VIKOR) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Cuong, B. C., Kreinovich, V. in 2013. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 个来源2013
decision making

PIF-WASPAS

PIF-WASPAS (PiF-WASPAS — Picture Fuzzy extension of WASPAS) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Cuong, B. C., Kreinovich, V. in 2013. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 个来源2013
decision making

PIPRECIA

PIPRECIA (PIvot Pairwise RElative Criteria Importance Assessment) is a weight subjective multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Stanujkić, D., Karabašević, D., Zavadskas, E. K., Turskis, Z., Maksimović, M. in 2017. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structu

1 个来源2017
decision making

PIV

PIV (Proximity Indexed Value) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Mufazzal, S. Muzakkir, S. M. in 2018. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 个来源2018
decision making

PL-EDAS

PL-EDAS (Probabilistic Linguistic extension of EDAS) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Pang, Q. Wang, H. Xu, Z. in 2016. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 个来源2016
decision making

PL-MABAC

PL-MABAC (Plithogenic MABAC (with BWM weighting and Rough Number uncertainty)) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Pamučar, D. Ćirović, G. in 2015. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 个来源2015
decision making

PL-MARCOS

PL-MARCOS (Probabilistic Linguistic extension of MARCOS) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Wang, J., Wei, G., Wei, C., Wei, Y. in 2023. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 个来源2023
decision making

PL-MULTIMOORA

PL-MULTIMOORA (Probabilistic Linguistic extension of MULTIMOORA) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Wu, X. Liao, H. Xu, Z. S. Hafezalkotob, A. Herrera, F. in 2018. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 个来源2018
decision making

PL-TODIM

PL-TODIM (Probabilistic Linguistic extension of TODIM) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Liu, P., Teng, F. in 2017. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 个来源2017
decision making

PL-TOPSIS

PL-TOPSIS (Probabilistic Linguistic extension of TOPSIS) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Lu, J., Wei, C. in 2019. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 个来源2019
decision making

PL-VIKOR

PL-VIKOR (Probabilistic Linguistic extension of VIKOR) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Li, P., Liu, J., Wei, C. in 2021. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 个来源2021
decision making

Plackett-Luce Model

The Plackett-Luce model is a probabilistic framework for analysing and predicting rank-ordered data. Introduced by Robin Plackett (1975) — building on R. Duncan Luce's earlier axiom of choice (1959) — it models the probability of any complete ranking of items as a sequential selection process, where each item's chance

1 个来源1975
simulation

Policy Scenario Dynamic Programming

Policy Scenario Dynamic Programming (PSDP) applies Bellman's recursive optimization framework to a set of pre-specified policy scenarios, enabling decision-makers to compare staged, sequential decisions under distinct future conditions. It decomposes a complex, multi-period policy choice into tractable sub-problems sol

2 个来源1957
simulation

Policy Scenario Genetic Algorithm

The Policy Scenario Genetic Algorithm applies evolutionary search to systematically explore large, combinatorial policy alternative spaces under multiple future scenarios. Rather than exhaustively enumerating options, it breeds successive generations of candidate policies, retaining those that perform well across scena

2 个来源1975
simulation

Policy Scenario Goal Programming

Policy Scenario Goal Programming (PSGP) integrates goal programming optimization with policy scenario analysis to evaluate how well competing policy objectives can be achieved under distinct future conditions. Decision-makers define multiple goals and several plausible policy scenarios, then solve a goal programming mo

2 个来源1961
simulation

Policy Scenario Integer Programming

Policy Scenario Integer Programming (PSIP) solves an integer programming model — where some or all decision variables must take whole-number values — separately under each of several distinct policy scenarios, then compares objective values, feasibility, and solution structures to identify which policy environment lead

2 个来源1950
simulation

Policy Scenario Particle Swarm Optimization

Policy Scenario Particle Swarm Optimization integrates Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) with explicit policy scenario analysis. A swarm of candidate policy solutions is evaluated under multiple defined future scenarios, and PSO's velocity-position update rules guide the swarm toward solutions that perform well—or robu

2 个来源1995
simulation

Policy Scenario Queueing Simulation

Policy Scenario Queueing Simulation applies queueing theory and discrete-event simulation to evaluate two or more competing service or resource-allocation policies under realistic demand and capacity conditions. By holding the system structure constant and varying only the policy rules, analysts can directly compare th

2 个来源1909
soft computing

Possibility Theory

Possibility Theory is a mathematical framework for representing and reasoning under uncertainty, introduced by Lotfi Zadeh in 1978 and systematically developed by Didier Dubois and Henri Prade in their 1988 monograph. It uses possibility distributions — functions assigning a degree in [0,1] to each element of a univers

2 个来源1988
trauma psychology

Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory

The PTGI is a 21-item self-report scale measuring positive psychological outcomes and personal growth reported after trauma exposure. Developed by Tedeschi and Calhoun in 1996, the PTGI operationalizes the construct of posttraumatic growth (PTG)—the experience of positive life change accompanying psychological struggle

2 个来源1996
decision making

POWER-MEAN

POWER-MEAN (Weighted Power Mean (Hölder Mean)) is a aggregation multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Hardy, G. H. Littlewood, J. E. Pólya, G. in 1934. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 个来源1934
game theory

Principal-Agent Model

The Principal-Agent Model analyzes how a principal (e.g., owner, employer, policymaker) can incentivize an agent (e.g., manager, employee, firm) to act in the principal's interest when the agent has private information or can take hidden actions. Formalized by Jensen and Meckling in 1976, the model identifies agency co

2 个来源1976
decision making

PROB-ARAS

PROB-ARAS (Prob-ARAS — Stochastic extension of PROB-ARAS) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Zavadskas, E. K. Turskis, Z. in 2010. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 个来源2010
decision making

PROBID

PROBID (Preference Ranking on the Basis of Ideal-Average Distance) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Wang, Z., Rangaiah, G. P., Wang, X. in 2021. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 个来源2021
decision making

PROMETHEE

PROMETHEE (PROMETHEE II — Preference Ranking Organisation METHod for Enrichment of Evaluations) is a outranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Brans, J. P., Vincke, Ph., Mareschal, B. in 1986. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproduci

1 个来源advanced1986
decision making

PROMETHEE-GAIA

PROMETHEE-GAIA combines two complementary tools: PROMETHEE (Preference Ranking Organization Method for Enrichment Evaluations) for ranking alternatives through pairwise preference modeling, and GAIA (Geometric Analysis for Interactive Aid) for visual representation and sensitivity analysis. While PROMETHEE produces a r

2 个来源1986
decision making

PROMETHEE-I

PROMETHEE-I (PROMETHEE I — Preference Ranking Organisation METHod for Enrichment Evaluations I (partial ranking)) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Brans, J. P., Vincke, P., Mareschal, B. in 1986. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structu

1 个来源1986
decision making

PROMETHEE-II

PROMETHEE-II (PROMETHEE II — Preference Ranking Organisation Method for Enrichment of Evaluations II) is a outranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Brans, J. P., Vincke, P. in 1985. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result

1 个来源1985
decision making

PROMETHEE-III

PROMETHEE-III (PROMETHEE III — Preference Ranking Organisation METHod for Enrichment Evaluations III (interval ranking)) is a outranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Brans, J. P. Vincke, P. Mareschal, B. in 1986. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a

1 个来源1986
decision making

PROMETHEE-V

PROMETHEE-V (PROMETHEE V — PROMETHEE with Integer Programming Constraints) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Brans, J. P. Mareschal, B. in 1992. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 个来源1992
decision making

PROMETHEE-VI

PROMETHEE-VI (PROMETHEE VI — Walking Weights Sensitivity) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Brans, J. P. Mareschal, B. in 1995. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 个来源1995
decision making

PROSA-C

PROSA-C (Sustainability Criteria-Level Preference Ranking) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Ziemba, P. in 2019. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 个来源2019
decision making

PROXIMITY-WLC

PROXIMITY-WLC (Proximity-Adjusted WLC — spatially explicit weighted linear combination) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Rinner, C.; Heppleston, A. in 2006. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 个来源2006
decision making

PSI

PSI (Preference Selection Index) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Maniya, K., Bhatt, M. G. in 2010. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 个来源2010
operations research

Push-Relabel Algorithm

The Push-Relabel Algorithm, developed by Andrew V. Goldberg and Robert E. Tarjan in 1988, is a highly efficient method for computing maximum flow in networks. Unlike augmenting path methods, it maintains a preflow and uses local push and global relabeling operations to drive flow toward the sink, achieving superior wor

2 个来源1988
decision making

QR-ARAS

QR-ARAS (qR-ARAS — q-Rung Orthopair extension of ARAS) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Yager, R. R. in 2017. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 个来源2017
decision making

QR-COCOSO

QR-COCOSO (qR-CoCoSo — q-Rung Orthopair extension of COCOSO) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Kuvvetli, B. İ. (2023, JESD 11(4):1294-1309) — first published q-ROF CoCoSo application Peng, X. & Huang, H. (2020, TEDE 26(4):695-724) — algorithm source for q-ROF score function with he

1 个来源2023
decision making

QR-CODAS

QR-CODAS (qR-CODAS — q-Rung Orthopair extension of CODAS) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Naz, S., Akram, M., Sattar, A., Al-Shamiri, M. M. A. (2022, AIMS Math 7(9):17529-17569) — 2TLq-ROF CODAS family-adjacent variant (closest verified application paper) Keshavarz Ghorabaee, M.,

1 个来源2022
decision making

QR-COPRAS

QR-COPRAS (qR-COPRAS — q-Rung Orthopair extension of COPRAS) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Yager, R. R. in 2017. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 个来源2017
decision making

QR-EDAS

QR-EDAS (qR-EDAS — q-Rung Orthopair extension of EDAS) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Yager, R. R. in 2017. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 个来源2017
decision making

QR-GRA

QR-GRA (qR-GRA — q-Rung Orthopair extension of GRA) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Yager, R. R. in 1989. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 个来源1989
decision making

QR-MABAC

QR-MABAC (qR-MABAC — q-Rung Orthopair extension of MABAC) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Yager, R. R. in 2017. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 个来源2017
decision making

QR-MARCOS

QR-MARCOS (qR-MARCOS — q-Rung Orthopair extension of MARCOS) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Yager, R. R. in 2017. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 个来源2017
decision making

QR-MOORA

QR-MOORA (qR-MOORA — q-Rung Orthopair extension of MOORA) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Yager, R. R. in 2017. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 个来源2017
decision making

QR-PROMETHEE

QR-PROMETHEE (qR-PROMETHEE — q-Rung Orthopair extension of PROMETHEE) is a outranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Yager, R. R. in 2017. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 个来源2017
decision making

QR-SAW

QR-SAW (qR-SAW — q-Rung Orthopair extension of SAW) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Yager, R. R. in 2017. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 个来源2017
decision making

QR-TODIM

QR-TODIM (qR-TODIM — q-Rung Orthopair extension of TODIM) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Yager, R. R. in 2017. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 个来源2017
decision making

QR-TOPSIS

QR-TOPSIS (qR-TOPSIS — q-Rung Orthopair extension of TOPSIS) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Yager, R. R. in 2017. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 个来源2017
decision making

QR-VIKOR

QR-VIKOR (qR-VIKOR — q-Rung Orthopair extension of VIKOR) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Yager, R. R. in 2017. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 个来源2017
decision making

QR-WASPAS

QR-WASPAS (qR-WASPAS — q-Rung Orthopair extension of WASPAS) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Yager, R. R. in 2017. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 个来源2017
decision making

QR-WPM

QR-WPM (qR-WPM — q-Rung Orthopair extension of WPM) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Yager, R. R. in 2017. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 个来源2017
optimization

Quadratic Programming

Quadratic Programming (QP) is a class of constrained mathematical optimization in which the objective function is quadratic and the constraints are linear. Formalized by Frank and Wolfe (1956) through their gradient-based feasible-direction algorithm, QP is foundational in operations research, finance, machine learning

1 个来源1956
decision making

QUALIFLEX

QUALIFLEX (QUALItative FLEXible multiple criteria method) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Paelinck, J. H. P. in 1978. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 个来源1978
simulation

Queueing Simulation

Queueing Simulation combines classical queueing theory with discrete-event simulation to model systems where entities arrive, wait for service, and depart. It predicts performance metrics such as average waiting time, queue length, and server utilization, enabling capacity planning and bottleneck identification across

2 个来源1909
healthcare management

Queuing Theory in Healthcare

Queuing theory is a mathematical discipline that models waiting lines, service capacity, and customer (patient) flow. Developed initially by Agner Erlang for telecommunications in 1909, it has been extensively applied to healthcare to analyze and optimize emergency departments, outpatient clinics, surgical suites, and

3 个来源1909
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