方法证据记录
Cross-sectional causal-comparative research
Cross-sectional causal-comparative research compares two or more pre-existing groups — defined by a characteristic or experience that has already occurred — on one or more outcome variables, with all data collected at a single point in time. Because the presumed cause (group membership) precedes measurement but cannot be manipulated, the design sits between purely descriptive and truly experimental work. It is widely used in education, psychology, and social sciences when randomization is impossible or unethical.
源记录
引文逐字复制自方法源记录。这些引文不代表任何层级的验证。
Cross-sectional Causal-Comparative Research Design
分类方法记录 · process-pipeline / research-design
- Frankfort-Nachmias, C., & Nachmias, D. (2015). Research Methods in the Social Sciences (8th ed.). Worth Publishers. · ISBN 978-1429295154
- Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches (4th ed.). Sage Publications. · ISBN 978-1452226101
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