方法对比

	非结构化访谈	焦点小组研究
领域	质性	质性
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	Mid-20th century (Rogers ~1942; Spradley ~1979)	1940s (sociological origin); modern applied form from the 1980s–1990s
提出者	Rooted in anthropological and sociological fieldwork traditions; systematised by James P. Spradley and Carl Rogers (non-directive counselling interview)	Robert K. Merton (sociological precursor, 1940s); popularised in applied research by Richard A. Krueger
类型	Qualitative research method	Qualitative data collection method
开创性文献	Spradley, J. P. (1979). The Ethnographic Interview. Holt, Rinehart and Winston.	Krueger, R.A. & Casey, M.A. (2014). Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research (5th ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-1483365244
别名	open-ended interview, non-directive interview, in-depth interview, conversational interview	focus group discussion, FGD, group interview, Odak Grup Araştırması
相关	6	6
摘要	An unstructured interview is a qualitative data-collection method in which the researcher enters the conversation with a broad topic or grand-tour question rather than a fixed questionnaire, allowing the participant to direct the flow and depth of the discussion. The approach prioritises the participant's own conceptual categories and narrative logic over the researcher's pre-formed agenda, making it especially powerful for exploratory inquiry into unfamiliar or complex social phenomena.	Focus group research is a qualitative data-collection method in which a trained moderator guides structured discussions with homogeneous groups of six to ten participants to explore ideas, attitudes, and perceptions on a defined topic. Developed from sociological roots in the 1940s and systematised for applied research by Krueger and Casey, the method leverages group interaction as a data source — revealing not just what people think, but how they negotiate and articulate views in a social setting.