方法对比

	调查	结构化访谈
领域	调查方法论	调查方法论
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	Late 19th century; systematic social-science use from 1940s	1940s–1950s
提出者	Francis Galton, Charles Booth, and early social statisticians; formalised by Paul Lazarsfeld in the 1940s	Survey research tradition; formalized by Campbell, Katona, and Kahn in mid-20th century
类型	Quantitative (primarily) or mixed-methods data-collection instrument	Quantitative / mixed data collection technique
开创性文献	Dillman, D. A., Smyth, J. D., & Christian, L. M. (2014). Internet, Phone, Mail, and Mixed-Mode Surveys: The Tailored Design Method (4th ed.). Wiley. ISBN: 978-1118456149	Fontana, A., & Frey, J. H. (2000). The interview: From structured questions to negotiated text. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Research (2nd ed., pp. 645–672). Sage.
别名	questionnaire survey, survey research, self-report survey, questionnaire study	standardized interview, formal interview, schedule-based interview, fixed-format interview
相关	6	4
摘要	A survey is a systematic data-collection method in which a standardised set of questions is posed to a sample of respondents to measure attitudes, behaviours, demographics, or other constructs. Surveys can be administered via paper, telephone, online platforms, or face-to-face. They are among the most widely used instruments in social, behavioural, health, and educational research because they can reach large, geographically dispersed samples at relatively low cost.	A structured interview is a data collection technique in which every participant is asked exactly the same pre-specified questions in the same order, using standardized wording. Because the interview schedule is fixed, responses across participants are directly comparable, enabling quantitative aggregation and statistical analysis. It sits at the most standardized end of the interview continuum, between the self-administered questionnaire and the semi-structured interview.