方法对比

	调查	面访调查	混合方法研究
领域	调查方法论	调查方法论	质性
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	Late 19th century; systematic social-science use from 1940s	1930s–1940s (systematic survey era)	—
提出者	Francis Galton, Charles Booth, and early social statisticians; formalised by Paul Lazarsfeld in the 1940s	Established practice formalised in survey methodology (Gallup, Likert, and others from the 1930s–1940s)	—
类型	Quantitative (primarily) or mixed-methods data-collection instrument	Quantitative / mixed-mode data collection	Research design framework
开创性文献	Dillman, D. A., Smyth, J. D., & Christian, L. M. (2014). Internet, Phone, Mail, and Mixed-Mode Surveys: The Tailored Design Method (4th ed.). Wiley. ISBN: 978-1118456149	Fowler, F. J. (2014). Survey Research Methods (5th ed.). Sage Publications. ISBN: 978-1452259000	Creswell, J.W. & Plano Clark, V.L. (2018). Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research (3rd ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-1483344379
别名	questionnaire survey, survey research, self-report survey, questionnaire study	personal interview survey, in-person survey, PAPI survey, door-to-door survey	Karma Yöntem Araştırması (Mixed Methods), multi-method research, triangulation design
相关	6	5	4
摘要	A survey is a systematic data-collection method in which a standardised set of questions is posed to a sample of respondents to measure attitudes, behaviours, demographics, or other constructs. Surveys can be administered via paper, telephone, online platforms, or face-to-face. They are among the most widely used instruments in social, behavioural, health, and educational research because they can reach large, geographically dispersed samples at relatively low cost.	A face-to-face survey is a structured data collection method in which a trained interviewer meets respondents in person and administers a standardised questionnaire. The interviewer reads questions aloud, clarifies wording when permitted by protocol, and records answers — either on paper (PAPI) or a laptop/tablet (CAPI). This mode consistently achieves higher response rates and better data quality for complex or sensitive questionnaires than self-administered alternatives, and is the reference standard in large-scale population surveys.	Mixed methods research is a systematic research design in which quantitative and qualitative data are collected and analysed within a single study. Formalised by Creswell and Plano Clark (2003, 3rd ed. 2018), it offers three principal design variants — concurrent, sequential, and transformative — and strengthens findings through triangulation across both data strands.