方法对比

	结构化访谈	焦点小组研究	深度访谈	调查
领域	调查方法论	质性	质性	调查方法论
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1940s–1950s	1940s (sociological origin); modern applied form from the 1980s–1990s	Mid-20th century (formalised in qualitative social research from the 1950s onward)	Late 19th century; systematic social-science use from 1940s
提出者	Survey research tradition; formalized by Campbell, Katona, and Kahn in mid-20th century	Robert K. Merton (sociological precursor, 1940s); popularised in applied research by Richard A. Krueger	Rooted in sociological interviewing traditions; systematised by researchers including Steinar Kvale and Herbert J. Rubin	Francis Galton, Charles Booth, and early social statisticians; formalised by Paul Lazarsfeld in the 1940s
类型	Quantitative / mixed data collection technique	Qualitative data collection method	Qualitative research method	Quantitative (primarily) or mixed-methods data-collection instrument
开创性文献	Fontana, A., & Frey, J. H. (2000). The interview: From structured questions to negotiated text. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Research (2nd ed., pp. 645–672). Sage.	Krueger, R.A. & Casey, M.A. (2014). Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research (5th ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-1483365244	Kvale, S. (1996). InterViews: An Introduction to Qualitative Research Interviewing. Sage. ISBN: 978-0803958203	Dillman, D. A., Smyth, J. D., & Christian, L. M. (2014). Internet, Phone, Mail, and Mixed-Mode Surveys: The Tailored Design Method (4th ed.). Wiley. ISBN: 978-1118456149
别名	standardized interview, formal interview, schedule-based interview, fixed-format interview	focus group discussion, FGD, group interview, Odak Grup Araştırması	IDI, semi-structured interview, unstructured interview, qualitative interview	questionnaire survey, survey research, self-report survey, questionnaire study
相关	4	6	6	6
摘要	A structured interview is a data collection technique in which every participant is asked exactly the same pre-specified questions in the same order, using standardized wording. Because the interview schedule is fixed, responses across participants are directly comparable, enabling quantitative aggregation and statistical analysis. It sits at the most standardized end of the interview continuum, between the self-administered questionnaire and the semi-structured interview.	Focus group research is a qualitative data-collection method in which a trained moderator guides structured discussions with homogeneous groups of six to ten participants to explore ideas, attitudes, and perceptions on a defined topic. Developed from sociological roots in the 1940s and systematised for applied research by Krueger and Casey, the method leverages group interaction as a data source — revealing not just what people think, but how they negotiate and articulate views in a social setting.	The in-depth interview is a one-to-one qualitative data-collection method in which a researcher engages a participant in an extended, open-ended conversation to elicit rich, detailed accounts of experiences, perceptions, beliefs, or meanings. Unlike structured surveys, the interview guide serves as a flexible road map rather than a fixed script, allowing the researcher to probe unexpected directions as they emerge. The approach is foundational to qualitative inquiry and is used directly as a primary method or as the data-collection arm of phenomenology, grounded theory, narrative analysis, and other frameworks.	A survey is a systematic data-collection method in which a standardised set of questions is posed to a sample of respondents to measure attitudes, behaviours, demographics, or other constructs. Surveys can be administered via paper, telephone, online platforms, or face-to-face. They are among the most widely used instruments in social, behavioural, health, and educational research because they can reach large, geographically dispersed samples at relatively low cost.