方法对比

	结构化访谈	焦点小组研究
领域	调查方法论	质性
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1940s–1950s	1940s (sociological origin); modern applied form from the 1980s–1990s
提出者	Survey research tradition; formalized by Campbell, Katona, and Kahn in mid-20th century	Robert K. Merton (sociological precursor, 1940s); popularised in applied research by Richard A. Krueger
类型	Quantitative / mixed data collection technique	Qualitative data collection method
开创性文献	Fontana, A., & Frey, J. H. (2000). The interview: From structured questions to negotiated text. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Research (2nd ed., pp. 645–672). Sage.	Krueger, R.A. & Casey, M.A. (2014). Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research (5th ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-1483365244
别名	standardized interview, formal interview, schedule-based interview, fixed-format interview	focus group discussion, FGD, group interview, Odak Grup Araştırması
相关	4	6
摘要	A structured interview is a data collection technique in which every participant is asked exactly the same pre-specified questions in the same order, using standardized wording. Because the interview schedule is fixed, responses across participants are directly comparable, enabling quantitative aggregation and statistical analysis. It sits at the most standardized end of the interview continuum, between the self-administered questionnaire and the semi-structured interview.	Focus group research is a qualitative data-collection method in which a trained moderator guides structured discussions with homogeneous groups of six to ten participants to explore ideas, attitudes, and perceptions on a defined topic. Developed from sociological roots in the 1940s and systematised for applied research by Krueger and Casey, the method leverages group interaction as a data source — revealing not just what people think, but how they negotiate and articulate views in a social setting.