方法对比

	统计过程控制	失效模式与影响分析 (FMEA)
领域	实验设计	实验设计
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1924–1931	1949 (military); widespread industrial adoption 1970s–1980s
提出者	Walter A. Shewhart	U.S. Military / NASA (formalized by MIL-P-1629, 1949)
类型	Process monitoring and quality control method	Proactive risk analysis technique
开创性文献	Shewhart, W. A. (1931). Economic Control of Quality of Manufactured Product. Van Nostrand. ISBN: 978-0873890762	Stamatis, D. H. (2003). Failure Mode and Effect Analysis: FMEA from Theory to Execution (2nd ed.). ASQ Quality Press. ISBN: 978-0873895989
别名	SPC, statistical quality control, process control charting, Shewhart control	FMEA, Failure Modes and Effects Analysis, FMECA, Failure Mode Effects and Criticality Analysis
相关	6	6
摘要	Statistical Process Control (SPC) is a data-driven quality method that uses statistical techniques — primarily control charts — to monitor a manufacturing or service process over time. By distinguishing natural process variation (common cause) from unusual, actionable variation (special cause), SPC enables practitioners to maintain processes in a stable, predictable state and to detect problems early, before defective output reaches customers.	Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) is a structured, proactive risk management technique used to identify potential failure modes in a system, process, or product design, evaluate their consequences, and prioritize corrective actions before failures occur. Originally developed for the U.S. military in 1949 and later adopted by NASA, automotive, and manufacturing industries, FMEA is now a cornerstone quality-engineering tool embedded in standards such as AIAG-VDA and ISO 9001-aligned processes.