方法对比

	筛查试验评估	队列研究
领域	流行病学	流行病学
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1968 (Wilson-Jungner principles); statistical framework developed 1970s–2000s	Mid-20th century (formal epidemiological design codified ~1950s)
提出者	Wilson & Jungner (WHO criteria, 1968); foundational work by Pepe, Altman, and others in statistical test evaluation	Doll & Hill (British Doctors Study, 1951); Snow (cholera, 1854)
类型	Observational diagnostic / epidemiological evaluation design	Observational longitudinal study design
开创性文献	Wilson, J. M. G., & Jungner, G. (1968). Principles and Practice of Screening for Disease. World Health Organization. Public Health Papers No. 34.	Rothman, K. J., Greenland, S., & Lash, T. L. (2008). Modern Epidemiology (3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN: 978-0781755641
别名	screening study, screening performance evaluation, screening accuracy assessment, STE	longitudinal study, follow-up study, panel study, incidence study
相关	6	6
摘要	Screening test evaluation is a systematic epidemiological approach for assessing whether a test or program can accurately and cost-effectively identify individuals with a condition before symptoms appear. It quantifies diagnostic performance metrics — sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and the ROC curve — and evaluates whether a screening program meets established public health criteria for adoption and harm-benefit balance.	A cohort study assembles a group of individuals who share a common starting point — typically freedom from the outcome of interest — and follows them over time to observe who develops the outcome. By comparing incidence rates between exposed and unexposed subgroups, researchers can estimate relative risk and absolute risk differences. Cohort studies are the gold-standard observational design for measuring disease incidence and establishing temporal relationships between exposure and outcome.