方法对比

	风险调整 Cox 比例风险模型	倾向得分匹配
领域	流行病学	研究统计学
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1972 (Cox model); risk adjustment widespread from 1980s	1983
提出者	D. R. Cox (base model); risk-adjustment as routine practice formalised through clinical epidemiology literature from the 1980s onward	Paul Rosenbaum and Donald Rubin
类型	Multivariable survival regression	Method
开创性文献	Cox, D. R. (1972). Regression models and life-tables. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological), 34(2), 187–202.	Rosenbaum, P. R., & Rubin, D. B. (1983). The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika, 70(1), 41–55.
别名	adjusted Cox regression, multivariable Cox model, covariate-adjusted survival analysis, risk-adjusted survival model	PSM, propensity score weighting, covariate balance
相关	5	3
摘要	Risk-adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression extends the classical Cox (1972) survival model by simultaneously entering known confounders — age, sex, comorbidities, disease severity — into the model alongside the exposure of primary interest. This adjustment isolates the independent effect of the exposure on the hazard of an event, producing hazard ratios (HRs) that are not distorted by baseline differences between comparison groups. It is the most widely used method for multivariable survival analysis in clinical and epidemiological research.	Propensity score matching (PSM) is a method for reducing confounding bias in observational studies by balancing baseline characteristics between treatment groups, simulating randomization. Developed by Rosenbaum and Rubin (1983), it estimates the probability of receiving treatment given observed covariates, then matches or weights treated and control individuals with similar treatment probabilities. Widely used in medicine, epidemiology, and policy evaluation when randomized trials are infeasible or unethical, enabling estimation of treatment effects while controlling for selection bias.