方法对比

	回顾性生存分析	Kaplan-Meier分析
领域	流行病学	流行病学
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1970s–1980s (retrospective variant established)	1958
提出者	Kaplan & Meier (foundational estimator, 1958); Cox (regression model, 1972); retrospective application is a design variant documented since the 1970s	Edward L. Kaplan and Paul Meier
类型	Retrospective observational analytical study	Nonparametric survival estimator
开创性文献	Collett, D. (2015). Modelling Survival Data in Medical Research (3rd ed.). CRC Press. ISBN: 978-1439856789	Kaplan, E. L., & Meier, P. (1958). Nonparametric estimation from incomplete observations. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 53(282), 457–481.
别名	historical survival study, retrospective time-to-event analysis, retrospective follow-up survival study, archival survival analysis	KM analysis, KM estimator, product-limit estimator, Kaplan-Meier curve
相关	5	5
摘要	Retrospective survival analysis applies time-to-event statistical methods — most commonly the Kaplan-Meier estimator and Cox proportional hazards regression — to data collected from past records rather than through prospective follow-up. The researcher looks back at medical records, disease registries, or administrative databases to reconstruct each patient's journey from a defined starting point (e.g., diagnosis or surgery) to an outcome of interest (e.g., death, relapse, or hospital readmission), making it a cost-efficient approach for studying prognosis and risk factors when prospective follow-up is not feasible.	Kaplan-Meier (KM) analysis is a nonparametric method for estimating the survival function from time-to-event data. Introduced by Kaplan and Meier in 1958, it produces the classic step-function survival curve that shows the probability of surviving beyond each observed event time, correctly accounting for censored observations — participants who left the study or had not yet experienced the event by the end of follow-up. It is one of the most widely used techniques in clinical and epidemiological research.