方法对比

	回顾性队列研究	嵌套病例对照研究
领域	流行病学	流行病学
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	Mid-20th century (widely formalized 1950s–1970s)	1973–1977
提出者	Systematic use attributed to early 20th-century occupational epidemiology; formalized in modern epidemiological theory by Brian MacMahon and others	Nathan Mantel (1973); D. C. Thomas (1977 formalization)
类型	Observational analytic study	Hybrid observational study design
开创性文献	Rothman, K. J., Greenland, S., & Lash, T. L. (2008). Modern Epidemiology (3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN: 978-0781755641	Thomas, D. C. (1977). Addendum to: Methods of cohort analysis: Appraisal by application to asbestos mining. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A, 140(4), 469–491.
别名	historical cohort study, non-concurrent cohort study, retrospective follow-up study, historical prospective study	NCC study, nested CC design, case-control within cohort, density sampling case-control
相关	6	6
摘要	A retrospective cohort study assembles a group of individuals who share a common starting point and reconstructs their exposure history and subsequent outcomes entirely from pre-existing records. Because the data have already been collected before the study begins, the design is far faster and cheaper than a prospective cohort; however, the researcher must work with whatever information was recorded at the time rather than collecting purpose-built measurements.	A nested case-control study is an efficient observational design embedded within a defined cohort. For each participant who develops the outcome of interest (a case), a small number of matched controls are sampled from those still at risk at the same point in time. This density-sampling strategy yields odds ratios that approximate incidence-rate ratios from the full cohort at a fraction of the data-collection cost — making it the preferred alternative when measuring exposures for all cohort members would be prohibitively expensive or technically demanding.