方法对比

	文章撤回流程	学术研究中的剽窃
领域	出版伦理	出版伦理
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1948	1989
提出者	Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE); Retraction Watch initiative	U.S. Office of Research Integrity (ORI) and institutional policies
类型	Process	Standard
开创性文献	Committee on Publication Ethics (2019). Retraction Guidelines. COPE.	U.S. Office of Research Integrity (2023). Definition of Research Misconduct. Federal Policy on Research Misconduct (42 CFR Part 93). ORI.
别名	Retraction Notice, Paper Retraction, Correction Notice	Text Plagiarism, Idea Plagiarism, Self-Plagiarism
相关	4	4
摘要	An article retraction is the invalidation of a published article due to serious flaws (data fraud, major methodological errors, ethical violations) that undermine its conclusions. Retractions are distinct from corrections (which address minor errors) and are initiated by authors, editors, or institutions when integrity is compromised. The first modern retraction was published in 1948. COPE published formal Retraction Guidelines in 2009 (updated 2019) that specify when retraction is appropriate, how it is conducted, and how retraction notices are recorded. Retracted articles remain in the literature with a visible 'RETRACTED' watermark, preserving the scientific record and warning readers.	Plagiarism—the use of others' words, ideas, or methods without attribution—is formally classified as research misconduct by the U.S. Office of Research Integrity and most institutions worldwide. It ranges from verbatim copying of text to paraphrasing without citation to presenting others' ideas as one's own. Unlike accidental omission of a citation (which is corrected via erratum), plagiarism implies intent or gross negligence and triggers investigation, potential retraction, and career consequences. Plagiarism detection tools (e.g., Turnitin, iThenticate) and manual checking by journals now routinely screen manuscripts.