方法对比

	康纳-戴维森韧性量表	General Self-Efficacy Scale	自我关怀量表
领域	社会心理学	社会心理学	社会心理学
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	2003	1995	2003
提出者	Kathryn Connor and Jonathan Davidson	Ralf Schwarzer and Matthias Jerusalem	Kristin Neff
类型	Psychological resilience and stress coping measure	Generalized self-efficacy and coping capacity measure	Mindful self-kindness and psychological resilience measure
开创性文献	Connor, K. M., & Davidson, J. R. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depression and Anxiety, 18(2), 76–82.	Schwarzer, R., & Jerusalem, M. (1995). Generalized Self-Efficacy scale. In J. Weinman, S. Wright, & M. Johnston (Eds.), Measures in health psychology: A user's portfolio. Causal and control beliefs (pp. 35–37). NFER-Nelson. ISBN: 978-0700522286	Neff, K. D. (2003). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2(3), 223–250.
别名	CD-RISC, Connor-Davidson Scale, Resilience Scale	GSE, Schwarzer Self-Efficacy, General Self-Efficacy	SCS, Neff Self-Compassion Scale
相关	3	3	3
摘要	The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) is a 25-item self-report measure of psychological resilience—the capacity to cope with stress, adversity, and trauma while maintaining psychological functioning. Developed by Kathryn Connor and Jonathan Davidson in 2003, the CD-RISC operationalizes resilience as a multidimensional construct encompassing personal competence, trust in instincts, positive adaptation, and meaning-making. A brief 10-item version (CD-RISC-10) is also widely available. The scale has become standard in clinical research on trauma, anxiety, depression, and recovery from adversity.	The General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE) is a 10-item measure assessing beliefs in one's ability to handle difficult situations and to cope with challenges through adaptive effort. Developed by Ralf Schwarzer and Matthias Jerusalem in the mid-1990s, the GSE operationalizes self-efficacy as a generalized confidence in one's capacity to manage stressors across diverse situations, rather than task-specific confidence. The scale has become widely used in health psychology, occupational research, and studies examining resilience and adaptive coping.	The Self-Compassion Scale (SCS) is a 26-item measure assessing self-compassion—the capacity to relate to oneself with kindness and understanding, rather than harsh self-judgment, in the face of difficulty or failure. Developed by Kristin Neff in 2003, the SCS operationalizes self-compassion as a multidimensional construct involving self-kindness (versus self-criticism), common humanity (versus isolation), and mindfulness (versus over-identification with negative emotions). The instrument has become standard in clinical, positive psychology, and health psychology research examining resilience, well-being, and mental health.