方法对比

	过程追踪	探索性结构方程模型
领域	心理测量学	心理测量学
方法族	Latent structure	Latent structure
起源年份	2005	2009
提出者	Alexander George, Andrew Bennett	Tihomir Asparouhov, Bengt Muthén
类型	Qualitative causal inference	Hybrid exploratory-confirmatory factor modeling
开创性文献	Bennett, A., & Checkel, J. T. (Eds.). (2015). Process Tracing: From Metaphor to Analytic Tool. Cambridge University Press.	Asparouhov, T., & Muthén, B. (2009). Exploratory structural equation modeling. Structural Equation Modeling, 16(3), 397-438.
别名	—	ESEM
相关	5	5
摘要	Process Tracing is a qualitative research method developed by George and Bennett (2005) for studying causal mechanisms and causal chains within individual cases. It involves examining the sequence of events and decision-making processes within a case to infer whether a hypothesized causal mechanism actually operated. Process tracing aims to strengthen causal inference in case studies by looking beyond correlation to understand how causes produce effects.	Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling (ESEM) is a hybrid approach that combines exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and path modeling, developed by Asparouhov and Muthén (2009). ESEM relaxes restrictive zero-loading assumptions of traditional CFA, allowing all indicators to load on all factors, which can reveal cross-factor complexity and improve model fit while retaining the ability to test substantive structural theories.