方法对比

	实用性对照组实验设计	阶乘对照组实验设计
领域	实验设计	实验设计
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1967 (seminal distinction); 2009 (PRECIS operationalization)	1926–1935
提出者	Schwartz & Lellouch (pragmatic vs explanatory distinction); extended by PRECIS framework (Thorpe et al.)	Ronald A. Fisher
类型	Experimental design (pragmatic variant)	Experimental design
开创性文献	Schwartz, D., & Lellouch, J. (1967). Explanatory and pragmatic attitudes in therapeutical trials. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 20(8), 637–648.	Fisher, R. A. (1935). The Design of Experiments. Oliver and Boyd.
别名	pragmatic controlled trial, effectiveness trial with control group, real-world control group design, pragmatic comparative design	factorial controlled experiment, factorial design with control, factorial RCT with control arm, multi-factor controlled experiment
相关	6	6
摘要	A pragmatic control group experimental design tests whether an intervention works under routine, real-world conditions by comparing it against a control condition — typically usual care or an active comparator — rather than a tightly controlled placebo. It prioritises external validity and applicability over the internal purity of an explanatory efficacy trial, asking whether an intervention makes a meaningful difference to people as they are actually treated in practice.	A factorial control group experimental design crosses two or more independent variables (factors) in a fully factorial structure while including at least one condition that serves as a no-treatment or standard-treatment control. This allows researchers to simultaneously estimate the main effect of each factor, their interactions, and the size of those effects relative to a meaningful baseline, maximising both causal precision and experimental efficiency.