方法对比

	实用性对照组实验设计	对照组实验设计
领域	实验设计	实验设计
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1967 (seminal distinction); 2009 (PRECIS operationalization)	1935 (Fisher); 1963 (Campbell & Stanley codification)
提出者	Schwartz & Lellouch (pragmatic vs explanatory distinction); extended by PRECIS framework (Thorpe et al.)	Ronald A. Fisher; systematised by Donald T. Campbell & Julian C. Stanley
类型	Experimental design (pragmatic variant)	Experimental research design
开创性文献	Schwartz, D., & Lellouch, J. (1967). Explanatory and pragmatic attitudes in therapeutical trials. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 20(8), 637–648.	Campbell, D. T., & Stanley, J. C. (1963). Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Research. Rand McNally.
别名	pragmatic controlled trial, effectiveness trial with control group, real-world control group design, pragmatic comparative design	controlled experiment, true experimental design, randomized controlled design, treatment-control design
相关	6	4
摘要	A pragmatic control group experimental design tests whether an intervention works under routine, real-world conditions by comparing it against a control condition — typically usual care or an active comparator — rather than a tightly controlled placebo. It prioritises external validity and applicability over the internal purity of an explanatory efficacy trial, asking whether an intervention makes a meaningful difference to people as they are actually treated in practice.	Control group experimental design is a fundamental experimental structure in which participants are assigned to at least two groups — a treatment group that receives the intervention and a control group that does not — so that the effect of the intervention can be isolated by comparing outcomes across groups. Randomisation of assignment strengthens causal inference by balancing known and unknown confounders.