方法对比

	参与式行动研究 (PAR)	行动研究	焦点小组研究
领域	质性	质性研究	质性
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1940s (Lewin); PAR as distinct tradition formalised ~1970s–1980s	1946	1940s (sociological origin); modern applied form from the 1980s–1990s
提出者	Kurt Lewin (action research foundations, 1940s); systematised for participatory contexts by Orlando Fals Borda, Paulo Freire, and William Foote Whyte	Kurt Lewin; expanded by Kemmis, McTaggart, Reason & Bradbury	Robert K. Merton (sociological precursor, 1940s); popularised in applied research by Richard A. Krueger
类型	Qualitative research method	Method	Qualitative data collection method
开创性文献	Kemmis, S., McTaggart, R., & Nixon, R. (2014). The Action Research Planner: Doing Critical Participatory Action Research. Springer.	Lewin, K. (1946). Action research and minority problems. Journal of Social Issues, 2(4), 34–46.	Krueger, R.A. & Casey, M.A. (2014). Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research (5th ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-1483365244
别名	PAR, community-based participatory research, collaborative action research, participatory inquiry	Participatory Action Research, PAR, Collaborative Inquiry	focus group discussion, FGD, group interview, Odak Grup Araştırması
相关	6	1	6
摘要	Participatory Action Research (PAR) is a qualitative, community-centred methodology in which researchers and community members collaborate as co-investigators to identify a shared problem, take deliberate action, observe outcomes, and reflect critically on results — cycling iteratively until meaningful change is achieved. Unlike conventional research that studies people from the outside, PAR treats participants as active agents who co-own the research process, the knowledge produced, and the practical interventions that follow.	Action research is a collaborative research methodology in which researchers work with practitioners and community members to investigate a problem, implement change, and evaluate outcomes, cycling through reflection, action, and learning. Developed by Kurt Lewin (1946), action research bridges research and practice, aiming simultaneously to produce knowledge and practical improvement.	Focus group research is a qualitative data-collection method in which a trained moderator guides structured discussions with homogeneous groups of six to ten participants to explore ideas, attitudes, and perceptions on a defined topic. Developed from sociological roots in the 1940s and systematised for applied research by Krueger and Casey, the method leverages group interaction as a data source — revealing not just what people think, but how they negotiate and articulate views in a social setting.