方法对比
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| 部分信用模型 (PCM / GPCM)× | 项目功能差异 (DIF) 分析× | |
|---|---|---|
| 领域 | 心理测量学 | 心理测量学 |
| 方法族 | Latent structure | Latent structure |
| 起源年份≠ | 1982 | 1988 |
| 提出者≠ | Geoff N. Masters (PCM, 1982); Eiji Muraki (GPCM, 1992) | Paul W. Holland & Dorothy T. Thayer (Mantel-Haenszel approach, 1988) |
| 类型≠ | Item Response Theory / Polytomous IRT | Item-level fairness / measurement equivalence analysis |
| 开创性文献≠ | Masters, G. N. (1982). A Rasch model for partial credit scoring. Psychometrika, 47(2), 149–174. DOI ↗ | Holland, P. W. & Thayer, D. T. (1988). Differential Item Performance and the Mantel-Haenszel Procedure. ETS Research Report Series. link ↗ |
| 别名≠ | Kısmi Kredi Modeli (PCM / GPCM), Generalized Partial Credit Model, GPCM, PCM | Madde Yanlılık Analizi (DIF — Differential Item Functioning), item bias analysis, Mantel-Haenszel DIF, Lord chi-square DIF |
| 相关≠ | 5 | 4 |
| 摘要≠ | The Partial Credit Model is an extension of the Rasch measurement framework designed for ordered polytomous items — items whose responses fall into more than two ordered categories, such as partial-credit tasks in performance assessment or open-ended scoring rubrics. Proposed by Geoff Masters in 1982 and later generalised by Eiji Muraki in 1992, the model estimates a separate threshold (step) parameter for each adjacent-category transition within every item, allowing fine-grained calibration of how much each additional credit level contributes to locating a person on the latent trait. | Differential Item Functioning analysis examines whether examinees from different groups — such as gender, ethnicity, or language background — who have the same underlying ability respond differently to a test item. First formalised by Holland and Thayer in 1988 via the Mantel-Haenszel procedure, it is the principal tool in modern test development for detecting and removing item bias. |
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