方法对比

	在线调查	半结构化访谈
领域	调查方法论	质性
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	Mid-1990s (widespread scholarly adoption ~1995–2000)	1946 (Merton & Kendall); codified as a standard method through the 1980s–1990s
提出者	Mick P. Couper, Don A. Dillman (early systematic frameworks)	Robert K. Merton and Patricia Kendall (focused interview, 1946); further systematised by Steinar Kvale
类型	Quantitative / mixed-methods data collection technique	Qualitative research method
开创性文献	Couper, M. P. (2000). Web surveys: A review of issues and approaches. Public Opinion Quarterly, 64(4), 464–494.	Kvale, S., & Brinkmann, S. (2009). InterViews: Learning the Craft of Qualitative Research Interviewing (2nd ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-0761925422
别名	web survey, internet survey, e-survey, computer-assisted web interviewing	guided interview, semi-standardized interview, focused interview, SSI
相关	6	6
摘要	An online survey is a structured data collection instrument hosted on a web platform and completed by respondents via internet-connected devices. It enables large-scale, geographically dispersed data gathering at low cost and with rapid turnaround. Respondents self-administer the questionnaire at their convenience, which reduces interviewer bias and permits automatic data capture. Online surveys are the dominant mode of survey research in social, behavioural, health, and market research today.	The semi-structured interview is a qualitative data-collection method in which the researcher prepares a set of key questions or topic areas in advance but remains free to probe, follow up, and reorder as the conversation evolves. Unlike structured interviews — which fix every question and sequence — or unstructured interviews — which are entirely open — the semi-structured format balances comparability across participants with the flexibility needed to capture the depth and nuance of individual perspectives. It is the most widely used interview format in social science, health, and education research.