方法对比

	普通最小二乘法 (OLS) 回归	面板广义最小二乘法 (Panel GLS)	稳健OLS（具有稳健标准误的OLS）
领域	计量经济学	计量经济学	计量经济学
方法族	Regression model	Regression model	Regression model
起源年份	2019	1935 / developed for panels 1980s–1990s	1980
提出者	Wooldridge (textbook treatment); classical least squares	Aitken (1935); extended to panel data by Baltagi and others	Halbert White
类型	Linear regression	Generalized linear regression	Linear regression with robust inference
开创性文献	Wooldridge, J. M. (2019). Introductory Econometrics: A Modern Approach (7th ed.). Cengage Learning. ISBN: 978-1337558860	Wooldridge, J. M. (2010). Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data (2nd ed.). MIT Press. ISBN: 978-0262232586	White, H. (1980). A heteroskedasticity-consistent covariance matrix estimator and a direct test for heteroskedasticity. Econometrica, 48(4), 817–838.
别名	ordinary least squares, classical linear regression, linear regression, en küçük kareler regresyonu	Panel GLS, Generalized Least Squares for panel data, FGLS panel, feasible GLS panel	HC robust regression, White robust OLS, sandwich estimator OLS, OLS with robust standard errors
相关	5	3	6
摘要	Ordinary Least Squares is the classical linear regression method that explains a continuous outcome as a linear combination of predictors. It estimates the coefficients by minimising the sum of squared residuals, and under the Gauss-Markov assumptions these estimates are the best linear unbiased estimator (BLUE).	Panel GLS is a regression method for longitudinal data that explicitly models the non-spherical error structure — heteroscedasticity across units and serial correlation within units — to recover efficient coefficient estimates. Unlike OLS, it weights observations by the inverse of the error covariance matrix, yielding the Best Linear Unbiased Estimator when the error structure is correctly specified.	Robust OLS applies ordinary least squares to estimate coefficients and then replaces the classical standard errors with heteroscedasticity-consistent (HC) standard errors — commonly called White standard errors. This leaves the point estimates unchanged while yielding valid t-statistics and confidence intervals even when the error variance is not constant across observations.