方法对比

	Multilevel Item Response Theory	Rasch 模型
领域	Education	心理测量学
方法族	Latent structure	Latent structure
起源年份	2010	1960
提出者	Adams, Wilson & Wu; Fox & Glas; De Boeck & Wilson	Georg Rasch
类型	Item response models with a multilevel structure on the latent ability	Item Response Theory / Latent trait model
开创性文献	Fox, J.-P. (2010). Bayesian Item Response Modeling: Theory and Applications. Springer.	Rasch, G. (1960). Probabilistic Models for Some Intelligence and Attainment Tests. Danish Institute for Educational Research, Copenhagen.
别名	Multilevel IRT, MLIRT, Hierarchical IRT, Explanatory Item Response Models	1PL IRT, one-parameter logistic model, Rasch Modeli — 1PL IRT, 1PL model
相关	4	6
摘要	Multilevel item response theory (MLIRT) joins two powerful frameworks: an IRT measurement model that turns item responses into a latent ability, and a multilevel structural model that explains how that ability varies across nested groups such as classrooms, schools, or countries. Instead of first scoring a test and then running a multilevel regression on the scores, MLIRT does both at once, so that measurement error in ability is properly carried into the group-level analysis. It is the rigorous way to study how student and school characteristics relate to a latent trait measured by a test.	The Rasch model, introduced by Georg Rasch in 1960, is the simplest member of the Item Response Theory (IRT) family. It assigns a single difficulty parameter to each test item and places both item difficulties and person abilities on the same logit scale, enabling direct, sample-independent comparison of items and persons.