方法对比

	多臂老虎机 (UCB, Thompson Sampling)	自适应临床试验设计	随机对照试验 (RCT)
领域	实验设计	实验设计	实验设计
方法族	Hypothesis test	Hypothesis test	Hypothesis test
起源年份	1952	1994	1948
提出者	Robbins (1952); UCB1 by Auer et al. (2002); Thompson sampling by Thompson (1933)	Bauer & Köhne	James Lind (early precursor, 1747); modern formulation: Austin Bradford Hill & Medical Research Council (1948)
类型	Sequential decision / bandit algorithm	Adaptive hypothesis test with interim analyses	Interventional comparative study
开创性文献	Auer, P., Cesa-Bianchi, N., & Fischer, P. (2002). Finite-Time Analysis of the Multiarmed Bandit Problem. Machine Learning, 47(2–3), 235–256.	Bauer, P. & Köhne, K. (1994). Evaluation of Experiments with Adaptive Interim Analyses. Biometrics, 50(4), 1029–1041.	Schulz, K.F., Altman, D.G., Moher, D., for the CONSORT Group (2010). CONSORT 2010 Statement: Updated Guidelines for Reporting Parallel Group Randomised Trials. BMJ, 340, c332.
别名	MAB, bandit algorithm, UCB1, Thompson sampling	adaptive design, group sequential design, sample size re-estimation, platform trial	RCT, randomised controlled trial, clinical trial, Randomize Kontrollü Çalışma (RCT) Tasarımı
相关	4	3	7
摘要	The multi-armed bandit (MAB) is an adaptive experimental framework that allocates trials sequentially across competing arms to minimise cumulative regret while simultaneously learning which arm performs best. Formalised by Robbins in 1952 and given finite-time guarantees by Auer et al. (2002), it balances exploration of uncertain options against exploitation of currently known best options — outperforming classical A/B testing whenever early stopping or cost-sensitive allocation matters.	Adaptive clinical trial design is a flexible experimental framework, formalised by Bauer and Köhne in 1994, in which pre-specified rules allow the trial to be modified mid-course — adjusting sample size, treatment arms, or randomisation ratios — based on accumulating interim data while rigorously controlling the Type I error rate.	A randomized controlled trial (RCT) is the gold standard experimental design in clinical and health research, in which participants are randomly allocated to a treatment group or a control group so that the effect of an intervention can be measured with the highest possible degree of internal validity. The modern parallel-group RCT was formalized by Austin Bradford Hill and the Medical Research Council in their landmark streptomycin trial of 1948, and its reporting is governed today by the CONSORT 2010 guidelines (Schulz et al., 2010).