方法对比

	多群体项目分析	差异项目功能 (DIF)
领域	心理测量学	心理测量学
方法族	Latent structure	Latent structure
起源年份	1986	1970s–1993
提出者	Classical test theory tradition; systematised by Crocker & Algina (1986)	William H. Angoff and colleagues (ETS); systematized by Holland & Wainer
类型	Comparative item-level analysis	Item-level bias detection
开创性文献	Crocker, L. & Algina, J. (1986). Introduction to Classical and Modern Test Theory. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN: 978-0030616341	Holland, P. W. & Wainer, H. (Eds.) (1993). Differential Item Functioning. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN: 978-0805809589
别名	MGIA, group-comparative item analysis, subgroup item analysis, cross-group item analysis	DIF, item bias analysis, measurement non-equivalence, item-level measurement bias
相关	6	5
摘要	Multi-group item analysis computes classical item statistics — difficulty, discrimination, and corrected item-total correlations — separately for each subgroup in a sample and then compares those statistics across groups. It is a standard diagnostic step in scale development and test fairness evaluation, revealing items that behave differently for men versus women, across age cohorts, or across cultural groups before more formal DIF testing.	Differential item functioning identifies test or survey items that behave differently for examinees from different groups — such as gender, ethnicity, or language background — after controlling for the underlying ability or trait being measured. DIF analysis is essential for fairness evaluation in educational testing and psychological scale development.