方法对比

	Lexicostatistics	比较法
领域	语言学	语言学
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1952	1786
提出者	Morris Swadesh	Sir William Jones
类型	Quantitative comparison of basic vocabulary to estimate genealogical relatedness	Empirical process pipeline
开创性文献	Swadesh, M. (1952). Lexico-statistic dating of prehistoric ethnic contacts. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 96(4), 452–463.	Hock, H. H. (1991). Principles of Historical Linguistics (2nd ed.). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
别名	Lexical Statistics, Basic Vocabulary Comparison, Cognate Percentage Method	Historical Comparative Linguistics, Genetic Linguistics
相关	4	4
摘要	Lexicostatistics is a quantitative method in historical linguistics that gauges how closely two or more languages are genealogically related by measuring the percentage of cognates they share within a fixed list of basic, culture-neutral vocabulary — classically Morris Swadesh's 100- or 200-word list. By converting word comparisons into similarity percentages, it produces a matrix of pairwise scores from which subgroupings within a language family can be inferred. It is the statistical core that underlies glottochronology, but on its own it makes no claim about absolute dates — it speaks only to degree of relatedness.	The Comparative Method is a foundational technique in historical linguistics for reconstructing ancestral languages and establishing genetic relationships between related languages. Pioneered by Sir William Jones in 1786, it systematically compares phonological, morphological, and lexical features across languages to identify regular sound correspondences and trace their shared origins. This method underpins modern historical linguistics and has been essential for understanding language families worldwide.