方法对比

	因果推断的工具变量（IV）方法	空间滞后模型（SAR / 空间自回归）
领域	卫生经济学	空间分析
方法族	Process / pipeline	Regression model
起源年份	1990s (modern applications)	1988
提出者	Angrist & Pischke (applied econometrics); rooted in econometric theory	Anselin (textbook formalisation); LeSage & Pace
类型	Method	Spatial autoregressive regression
开创性文献	Angrist, J. D., & Pischke, J. S. (2009). Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's Companion. Princeton: Princeton University Press.	Anselin, L. (1988). Spatial Econometrics: Methods and Models. Kluwer Academic.
别名	IV, two-stage least squares, TSLS, causal estimation	SAR model, spatial autoregressive model, spatial lag, Uzamsal Gecikme Modeli (SAR / Spatial Lag)
相关	3	5
摘要	Instrumental variables (IV) is an econometric method to estimate causal effects when treatment or exposure is not randomly assigned and confounding is severe or unmeasured. IV relies on a third variable (instrument) that influences treatment but does not directly affect the outcome, allowing researchers to isolate the causal effect from the noise of confounding. Developed extensively in econometrics (Angrist & Pischke, 1990s–2000s), IV methods are increasingly used in health economics and health services research to leverage natural experiments and policy changes.	The Spatial Lag Model is an autoregressive regression that assumes spatial dependence in the dependent variable itself: the outcome values of neighbouring units enter the model as an explanatory term (ρWy). It was formalised in Anselin's Spatial Econometrics (1988) and developed further by LeSage and Pace (2009), and it decomposes spillover effects into direct, indirect, and total impacts.