方法对比

	因果推断的工具变量（IV）方法	卫生经济学中的决策分析模型
领域	卫生经济学	卫生经济学
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1990s (modern applications)	1975
提出者	Angrist & Pischke (applied econometrics); rooted in econometric theory	Pauker & Kassirer (medical decision analysis, Massachusetts General Hospital)
类型	Method	Method
开创性文献	Angrist, J. D., & Pischke, J. S. (2009). Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's Companion. Princeton: Princeton University Press.	Pauker, S. G., & Kassirer, J. P. (1975). Therapeutic Decision Making: A Cost-Benefit Analysis. New England Journal of Medicine, 293(5), 229-234.
别名	IV, two-stage least squares, TSLS, causal estimation	decision analysis, decision tree, decision model, health economic model
相关	3	5
摘要	Instrumental variables (IV) is an econometric method to estimate causal effects when treatment or exposure is not randomly assigned and confounding is severe or unmeasured. IV relies on a third variable (instrument) that influences treatment but does not directly affect the outcome, allowing researchers to isolate the causal effect from the noise of confounding. Developed extensively in econometrics (Angrist & Pischke, 1990s–2000s), IV methods are increasingly used in health economics and health services research to leverage natural experiments and policy changes.	Decision analytic modeling is a systematic framework for comparing health interventions by integrating evidence on probabilities, outcomes, costs, and patient preferences into a quantitative model. Developed by Pauker and Kassirer in 1975, decision analysis structures clinical uncertainty and economic trade-offs, enabling transparent comparison of treatment options and identification of optimal strategies. Used in health technology assessment, clinical practice guideline development, and resource allocation decisions.