方法对比

	因果推断的工具变量（IV）方法	成本-效益分析 (CEA)
领域	卫生经济学	卫生经济学
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1990s (modern applications)	1984
提出者	Angrist & Pischke (applied econometrics); rooted in econometric theory	Drummond & Stoddart (Health Economics Research Group, McMaster University)
类型	Method	Method
开创性文献	Angrist, J. D., & Pischke, J. S. (2009). Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's Companion. Princeton: Princeton University Press.	Gold, M. R., Siegel, J. E., Russell, L. B., & Weinstein, M. C. (Eds.). (1996). Cost-Effectiveness in Health and Medicine. New York: Oxford University Press.
别名	IV, two-stage least squares, TSLS, causal estimation	CEA, ICER, Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio
相关	3	5
摘要	Instrumental variables (IV) is an econometric method to estimate causal effects when treatment or exposure is not randomly assigned and confounding is severe or unmeasured. IV relies on a third variable (instrument) that influences treatment but does not directly affect the outcome, allowing researchers to isolate the causal effect from the noise of confounding. Developed extensively in econometrics (Angrist & Pischke, 1990s–2000s), IV methods are increasingly used in health economics and health services research to leverage natural experiments and policy changes.	Cost-effectiveness analysis compares the incremental cost per unit of health benefit gained by one intervention relative to a comparator (standard care or best alternative). Developed rigorously in the 1980s by Drummond, Stoddart, and colleagues, CEA is now the standard framework for technology appraisal globally. NICE, HAS, CADTH, and other health technology assessment bodies use CEA to decide which treatments warrant public funding and at what price.