方法对比

	制度民族志	行动研究	话语分析
领域	质性	质性研究	质性研究
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1970s–1987 (developed through the 1970s–80s; consolidated in Smith 1987, 2005)	1946	1989 (Fairclough); 1987 (Potter & Wetherell)
提出者	Dorothy E. Smith	Kurt Lewin; expanded by Kemmis, McTaggart, Reason & Bradbury	Norman Fairclough; Jonathan Potter and Margaret Wetherell
类型	Qualitative research method	Method	Method
开创性文献	Smith, D. E. (2005). Institutional Ethnography: A Sociology for People. AltaMira Press. ISBN: 978-0759105010	Lewin, K. (1946). Action research and minority problems. Journal of Social Issues, 2(4), 34–46.	Fairclough, N. (1989). Language and power. Longman.
别名	IE, sociology for people, institutional ethnographic inquiry, Smith's institutional ethnography	Participatory Action Research, PAR, Collaborative Inquiry	DA, Critical Discourse Analysis, Discursive Analysis
相关	6	1	2
摘要	Institutional Ethnography (IE) is a qualitative research method developed by Canadian sociologist Dorothy E. Smith that investigates how people's everyday lives are shaped and coordinated by institutional texts, rules, and relations of power. Starting from the lived experience of individuals in a particular standpoint, IE traces the social organization that governs their work and troubles — revealing how macro-level institutions operate through the micro-level activities of real people.	Action research is a collaborative research methodology in which researchers work with practitioners and community members to investigate a problem, implement change, and evaluate outcomes, cycling through reflection, action, and learning. Developed by Kurt Lewin (1946), action research bridges research and practice, aiming simultaneously to produce knowledge and practical improvement.	Discourse analysis is a qualitative research methodology that examines how language, communication, and power shape meaning, identity, and social reality. Developed across linguistics, sociology, and psychology (particularly by Norman Fairclough and Jonathan Potter), discourse analysis goes beyond content to analyze language use as a social practice that constitutes and reflects power relations, ideologies, and social structures.