方法对比

	Glass Ceiling Index	Global Gender Gap Index
领域	Gender Studies	Gender Studies
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	2001	2006
提出者	David Cotter, Joan Hermsen, Seth Ovadia & Reeve Vanneman	World Economic Forum (Hausmann, Tyson & Zahidi)
类型	Distributional gender-gap criterion / index	Composite gap index
开创性文献	Cotter, D. A., Hermsen, J. M., Ovadia, S., & Vanneman, R. (2001). The glass ceiling effect. Social Forces, 80(2), 655–681.	World Economic Forum (2023). Global Gender Gap Report 2023. World Economic Forum, Geneva.
别名	Glass Ceiling Measure, Glass-Ceiling Effect Index, Glass Ceiling Coefficient	GGGI, WEF Gender Gap Index, Global Gender Gap Report Index
相关	4	4
摘要	The glass ceiling index and related distributional measures quantify the 'glass ceiling' — the tendency for gender disadvantage to intensify toward the top of a wage distribution or organisational hierarchy. Cotter and colleagues (2001) set out formal criteria distinguishing a true ceiling from a general gap, while labour economists operationalise it as a widening female–male gap at high quantiles of earnings, and popular indices (such as The Economist's) rank countries by women's representation in senior roles, pay, and leadership.	The Global Gender Gap Index (GGGI) is the headline measure of the World Economic Forum's annual Global Gender Gap Report, first published in 2006. It benchmarks gender parity by measuring female-to-male ratios across four subindexes — economic participation and opportunity, educational attainment, health and survival, and political empowerment — and reports the share of each gap that has been closed, deliberately ignoring countries' absolute levels of development.