方法对比

	General Self-Efficacy Scale	Grit Scale	自我关怀量表
领域	社会心理学	社会心理学	社会心理学
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1995	2007	2003
提出者	Ralf Schwarzer and Matthias Jerusalem	Angela Duckworth	Kristin Neff
类型	Generalized self-efficacy and coping capacity measure	Perseverance and long-term goal commitment measure	Mindful self-kindness and psychological resilience measure
开创性文献	Schwarzer, R., & Jerusalem, M. (1995). Generalized Self-Efficacy scale. In J. Weinman, S. Wright, & M. Johnston (Eds.), Measures in health psychology: A user's portfolio. Causal and control beliefs (pp. 35–37). NFER-Nelson. ISBN: 978-0700522286	Duckworth, A. L., Peterson, C., Matthews, M. D., & Kelly, D. R. (2007). Grit: Perseverance and passion for long-term goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(6), 1087–1101.	Neff, K. D. (2003). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2(3), 223–250.
别名	GSE, Schwarzer Self-Efficacy, General Self-Efficacy	GRIT, Perseverance and Passion Scale, Duckworth Grit Scale	SCS, Neff Self-Compassion Scale
相关	3	3	3
摘要	The General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE) is a 10-item measure assessing beliefs in one's ability to handle difficult situations and to cope with challenges through adaptive effort. Developed by Ralf Schwarzer and Matthias Jerusalem in the mid-1990s, the GSE operationalizes self-efficacy as a generalized confidence in one's capacity to manage stressors across diverse situations, rather than task-specific confidence. The scale has become widely used in health psychology, occupational research, and studies examining resilience and adaptive coping.	The Grit Scale is a 12-item measure assessing grit—the combination of perseverance (sustained effort despite obstacles) and passion (consistent interest and commitment) for long-term goals. Developed by Angela Duckworth and colleagues in 2007, the GRIT operationalizes grit as a distinct personality construct predicting achievement in challenging domains. The measure has become widely used in educational and organizational research examining how motivation and persistence relate to success and well-being.	The Self-Compassion Scale (SCS) is a 26-item measure assessing self-compassion—the capacity to relate to oneself with kindness and understanding, rather than harsh self-judgment, in the face of difficulty or failure. Developed by Kristin Neff in 2003, the SCS operationalizes self-compassion as a multidimensional construct involving self-kindness (versus self-criticism), common humanity (versus isolation), and mindfulness (versus over-identification with negative emotions). The instrument has become standard in clinical, positive psychology, and health psychology research examining resilience, well-being, and mental health.