方法对比

	聚焦民族志	行动研究	扎根理论
领域	质性	质性研究	质性研究
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	Late 1990s–early 2000s (Knoblauch's systematic account, 2005)	1946	1967
提出者	Hubert Knoblauch (theorised and named); antecedents in applied medical and organisational ethnography	Kurt Lewin; expanded by Kemmis, McTaggart, Reason & Bradbury	Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss
类型	Qualitative research method	Method	Method
开创性文献	Knoblauch, H. (2005). Focused Ethnography. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 6(3), Art. 44.	Lewin, K. (1946). Action research and minority problems. Journal of Social Issues, 2(4), 34–46.	Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Aldine.
别名	problem-focused ethnography, short-term ethnography, rapid ethnography, focused field study	Participatory Action Research, PAR, Collaborative Inquiry	GT, Grounded Theory Approach
相关	6	1	3
摘要	Focused ethnography is a condensed, problem-centred variant of classical ethnography in which a researcher with prior domain knowledge enters a specific social setting for a bounded period — typically days to weeks rather than months or years — to study one clearly defined issue or practice. Developed as a response to the time and resource constraints of applied research, it is widely used in healthcare, organisational studies, and professional education, where the researcher's existing familiarity with the setting allows rapid, targeted data collection without sacrificing ethnographic depth.	Action research is a collaborative research methodology in which researchers work with practitioners and community members to investigate a problem, implement change, and evaluate outcomes, cycling through reflection, action, and learning. Developed by Kurt Lewin (1946), action research bridges research and practice, aiming simultaneously to produce knowledge and practical improvement.	Grounded Theory (GT) is a systematic qualitative research methodology in which theory emerges directly from data through iterative analysis, rather than being imposed before data collection. Developed by Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss in 1967, GT prioritizes generating explanatory frameworks grounded in evidence.