方法对比

	焦点小组研究	混合方法研究	在线调查	半结构化访谈
领域	质性	质性	调查方法论	质性
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1940s (sociological origin); modern applied form from the 1980s–1990s	—	Mid-1990s (widespread scholarly adoption ~1995–2000)	1946 (Merton & Kendall); codified as a standard method through the 1980s–1990s
提出者	Robert K. Merton (sociological precursor, 1940s); popularised in applied research by Richard A. Krueger	—	Mick P. Couper, Don A. Dillman (early systematic frameworks)	Robert K. Merton and Patricia Kendall (focused interview, 1946); further systematised by Steinar Kvale
类型	Qualitative data collection method	Research design framework	Quantitative / mixed-methods data collection technique	Qualitative research method
开创性文献	Krueger, R.A. & Casey, M.A. (2014). Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research (5th ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-1483365244	Creswell, J.W. & Plano Clark, V.L. (2018). Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research (3rd ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-1483344379	Couper, M. P. (2000). Web surveys: A review of issues and approaches. Public Opinion Quarterly, 64(4), 464–494.	Kvale, S., & Brinkmann, S. (2009). InterViews: Learning the Craft of Qualitative Research Interviewing (2nd ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-0761925422
别名	focus group discussion, FGD, group interview, Odak Grup Araştırması	Karma Yöntem Araştırması (Mixed Methods), multi-method research, triangulation design	web survey, internet survey, e-survey, computer-assisted web interviewing	guided interview, semi-standardized interview, focused interview, SSI
相关	6	4	6	6
摘要	Focus group research is a qualitative data-collection method in which a trained moderator guides structured discussions with homogeneous groups of six to ten participants to explore ideas, attitudes, and perceptions on a defined topic. Developed from sociological roots in the 1940s and systematised for applied research by Krueger and Casey, the method leverages group interaction as a data source — revealing not just what people think, but how they negotiate and articulate views in a social setting.	Mixed methods research is a systematic research design in which quantitative and qualitative data are collected and analysed within a single study. Formalised by Creswell and Plano Clark (2003, 3rd ed. 2018), it offers three principal design variants — concurrent, sequential, and transformative — and strengthens findings through triangulation across both data strands.	An online survey is a structured data collection instrument hosted on a web platform and completed by respondents via internet-connected devices. It enables large-scale, geographically dispersed data gathering at low cost and with rapid turnaround. Respondents self-administer the questionnaire at their convenience, which reduces interviewer bias and permits automatic data capture. Online surveys are the dominant mode of survey research in social, behavioural, health, and market research today.	The semi-structured interview is a qualitative data-collection method in which the researcher prepares a set of key questions or topic areas in advance but remains free to probe, follow up, and reorder as the conversation evolves. Unlike structured interviews — which fix every question and sequence — or unstructured interviews — which are entirely open — the semi-structured format balances comparability across participants with the flexibility needed to capture the depth and nuance of individual perspectives. It is the most widely used interview format in social science, health, and education research.