方法对比

	面访调查	纵向调查	混合方法研究
领域	调查方法论	调查方法论	质性
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1930s–1940s (systematic survey era)	1940s (panel survey tradition); longitudinal designs codified mid-20th century	—
提出者	Established practice formalised in survey methodology (Gallup, Likert, and others from the 1930s–1940s)	Established tradition; formalized in social science by Paul Lazarsfeld and colleagues (1940s panel studies)	—
类型	Quantitative / mixed-mode data collection	Quantitative / mixed-methods survey design	Research design framework
开创性文献	Fowler, F. J. (2014). Survey Research Methods (5th ed.). Sage Publications. ISBN: 978-1452259000	Menard, S. (2002). Longitudinal Research (2nd ed.). Sage Publications. ISBN: 978-0761922292	Creswell, J.W. & Plano Clark, V.L. (2018). Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research (3rd ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-1483344379
别名	personal interview survey, in-person survey, PAPI survey, door-to-door survey	panel survey, repeated-measures survey, longitudinal panel study, wave survey	Karma Yöntem Araştırması (Mixed Methods), multi-method research, triangulation design
相关	5	3	4
摘要	A face-to-face survey is a structured data collection method in which a trained interviewer meets respondents in person and administers a standardised questionnaire. The interviewer reads questions aloud, clarifies wording when permitted by protocol, and records answers — either on paper (PAPI) or a laptop/tablet (CAPI). This mode consistently achieves higher response rates and better data quality for complex or sensitive questionnaires than self-administered alternatives, and is the reference standard in large-scale population surveys.	A longitudinal survey collects structured questionnaire data from the same individuals or units at two or more distinct points in time. By tracking the same respondents across waves, researchers can distinguish genuine change from stable individual differences, establish temporal ordering between variables, and model trajectories of attitudes, behaviors, or outcomes in ways that a single cross-sectional snapshot cannot support.	Mixed methods research is a systematic research design in which quantitative and qualitative data are collected and analysed within a single study. Formalised by Creswell and Plano Clark (2003, 3rd ed. 2018), it offers three principal design variants — concurrent, sequential, and transformative — and strengthens findings through triangulation across both data strands.