方法对比

	面对面结构化访谈	半结构化访谈
领域	调查方法论	质性
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	Mid-20th century (formalized 1950s–1960s)	1946 (Merton & Kendall); codified as a standard method through the 1980s–1990s
提出者	Cannell, Kahn, and survey methodology tradition	Robert K. Merton and Patricia Kendall (focused interview, 1946); further systematised by Steinar Kvale
类型	Quantitative / mixed-methods data collection	Qualitative research method
开创性文献	Groves, R. M., Fowler, F. J., Couper, M. P., Lepkowski, J. M., Singer, E., & Tourangeau, R. (2009). Survey Methodology (2nd ed.). Wiley. ISBN: 978-0470465462	Kvale, S., & Brinkmann, S. (2009). InterViews: Learning the Craft of Qualitative Research Interviewing (2nd ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-0761925422
别名	FTFSI, personal interview, in-person structured interview, face-to-face survey interview	guided interview, semi-standardized interview, focused interview, SSI
相关	5	6
摘要	A face-to-face structured interview is a data collection method in which a trained interviewer meets each respondent in person and asks a fixed set of questions in a predetermined order, recording responses verbatim or using a closed-response format. It combines the response-rate advantages of personal contact with the standardization of a fixed instrument, making it a cornerstone of large-scale social, health, and policy surveys.	The semi-structured interview is a qualitative data-collection method in which the researcher prepares a set of key questions or topic areas in advance but remains free to probe, follow up, and reorder as the conversation evolves. Unlike structured interviews — which fix every question and sequence — or unstructured interviews — which are entirely open — the semi-structured format balances comparability across participants with the flexibility needed to capture the depth and nuance of individual perspectives. It is the most widely used interview format in social science, health, and education research.