方法对比

	面对面半结构化访谈	结构化访谈
领域	调查方法论	调查方法论
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1940s onward; widely codified in the 1980s–1990s	1940s–1950s
提出者	Rooted in sociological interview traditions; systematised by researchers including Robert Merton and Paul Lazarsfeld (focused interview, 1940s) and later elaborated by Steinar Kvale	Survey research tradition; formalized by Campbell, Katona, and Kahn in mid-20th century
类型	Qualitative data collection technique	Quantitative / mixed data collection technique
开创性文献	Bryman, A. (2016). Social Research Methods (5th ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN: 9780198722519	Fontana, A., & Frey, J. H. (2000). The interview: From structured questions to negotiated text. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Research (2nd ed., pp. 645–672). Sage.
别名	in-person semi-structured interview, semi-structured personal interview, guided face-to-face interview, FFSSI	standardized interview, formal interview, schedule-based interview, fixed-format interview
相关	6	4
摘要	A face-to-face semi-structured interview is a qualitative data collection technique in which a researcher meets a participant in person and follows a prepared topic guide of open-ended questions while retaining the flexibility to probe, reorder, and explore emerging themes. It combines the consistency of a predetermined agenda with the depth and responsiveness of an open dialogue, making it one of the most widely used methods in qualitative and mixed-methods research across the social, health, and educational sciences.	A structured interview is a data collection technique in which every participant is asked exactly the same pre-specified questions in the same order, using standardized wording. Because the interview schedule is fixed, responses across participants are directly comparable, enabling quantitative aggregation and statistical analysis. It sits at the most standardized end of the interview continuum, between the self-administered questionnaire and the semi-structured interview.