方法对比

	Endorsement Experiment	Audit Experiment
领域	Political Science	Political Science
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	2011	2011
提出者	Bullock, Imai & Shapiro (statistical framework)	Butler & Broockman (political responsiveness audits); Bertrand & Mullainathan (correspondence-audit lineage)
类型	Indirect survey experiment for sensitive latent support	Randomized field experiment using matched fictitious requests
开创性文献	Bullock, W., Imai, K., & Shapiro, J. N. (2011). Statistical Analysis of Endorsement Experiments: Measuring Support for Militant Groups in Pakistan. Political Analysis, 19(4), 363–384.	Butler, D. M., & Broockman, D. E. (2011). Do Politicians Racially Discriminate Against Constituents? A Field Experiment on State Legislators. American Journal of Political Science, 55(3), 463–477.
别名	Endorsement question design, Endorsement experiment design, Indirect support measurement, Group-endorsement experiment	Correspondence study, Field audit study, Discrimination audit, Responsiveness audit
相关	4	4
摘要	An endorsement experiment indirectly measures latent support for a sensitive or stigmatized actor by randomizing whether a policy is attributed to that actor and comparing how respondents' support for the policy shifts. Formalized statistically by Bullock, Imai, and Shapiro in 2011 to measure support for militant groups in Pakistan, the design infers favorability toward an actor that respondents would not safely disclose directly from the change in policy support it induces, typically estimated with hierarchical item-response models.	An audit experiment, also called a correspondence or field audit study, sends matched but fictitious requests to real-world targets — such as legislators, landlords, or employers — while randomizing a single treatment cue, then compares the rate and quality of responses. In political science the canonical design follows Butler and Broockman's 2011 study of U.S. state legislators, which varied the putative race signaled by a constituent's name to measure discrimination in responsiveness.