方法对比

	双盲自适应实验	多臂实验
领域	实验设计	实验设计
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	Conceptual roots 1970s–1990s; regulatory codification 2004–2019	1990s–2000s (clinical formalization); multi-arm concept implicit in ANOVA-era factorial designs
提出者	Formalized through FDA adaptive design guidance and work by Scott Berry, Donald Berry, and colleagues	Developed within clinical trials methodology; formalized by Parmar, Royston and colleagues (UK MRC CTU, early 2000s)
类型	Experimental design combining blinding and adaptive modification	Experimental design
开创性文献	U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2019). Adaptive Designs for Clinical Trials of Drugs and Biologics: Guidance for Industry. FDA.	Royston, P., Parmar, M. K. B., & Qian, W. (2003). Novel designs for multi-arm clinical trials with survival outcomes with an application in ovarian cancer. Statistics in Medicine, 22(14), 2239–2256.
别名	double-blind adaptive design, blinded adaptive trial, double-blind adaptive RCT, adaptive double-blind study	multi-arm trial, multiple-arm experiment, multi-group experiment, many-arm design
相关	4	5
摘要	A double-blind adaptive experiment combines two powerful design features: double-blinding, which conceals treatment assignment from both participants and outcome assessors to prevent bias, and adaptive modification, which allows pre-specified changes to the trial's course — such as sample size re-estimation, allocation ratio shifts, or arm dropping — based on accumulating interim data. The result is a rigorous, bias-protected design that can respond to emerging evidence without compromising inferential validity.	A multi-arm experiment simultaneously compares three or more treatment or intervention conditions — each called an arm — against a shared control or against one another. By testing multiple alternatives in a single study, it yields more information per participant than running separate two-group experiments sequentially, while controlling the overall Type I error rate through pre-specified comparison strategies.