方法对比
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| 差异项目功能 (DIF)× | 验证性因子分析（CFA）× | |
|---|---|---|
| 领域 | 心理测量学 | 心理测量学 |
| 方法族 | Latent structure | Latent structure |
| 起源年份≠ | 1970s–1993 | 1969 |
| 提出者≠ | William H. Angoff and colleagues (ETS); systematized by Holland & Wainer | Karl Gustav Jöreskog |
| 类型≠ | Item-level bias detection | Hypothesis-testing latent variable model |
| 开创性文献≠ | Holland, P. W. & Wainer, H. (Eds.) (1993). Differential Item Functioning. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN: 978-0805809589 | Jöreskog, K. G. (1969). A general approach to confirmatory maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 34(2), 183–202. DOI ↗ |
| 别名 | DIF, item bias analysis, measurement non-equivalence, item-level measurement bias | CFA, confirmatory FA, measurement model, restricted factor analysis |
| 相关≠ | 5 | 4 |
| 摘要≠ | Differential item functioning identifies test or survey items that behave differently for examinees from different groups — such as gender, ethnicity, or language background — after controlling for the underlying ability or trait being measured. DIF analysis is essential for fairness evaluation in educational testing and psychological scale development. | Confirmatory factor analysis tests a researcher-specified factor structure against observed data. Unlike exploratory approaches, the researcher decides in advance which indicators load on which latent factor, and the model is evaluated by how closely the implied covariance matrix reproduces the sample covariance matrix. CFA is central to scale validation, construct validity assessment, and measurement invariance testing. |
| ScholarGate数据集 ↗ |
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