方法对比
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| 描述性研究× | 面板研究× | |
|---|---|---|
| 领域 | 研究设计 | 研究设计 |
| 方法族 | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| 起源年份≠ | Late 19th century; formalized in social/behavioral sciences ~1960s–1980s | 1970s-1980s (econometric formalization); earlier social survey use from 1940s |
| 提出者≠ | Francis Galton, Karl Pearson (early empirical tradition); formalized in social science by Fred Kerlinger | Social science and econometric traditions; systematized by Cheng Hsiao and others from the 1970s-1980s |
| 类型≠ | Non-experimental quantitative research design | Quantitative longitudinal observational design |
| 开创性文献≠ | Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches (4th ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-1452226101 | Hsiao, C. (2003). Analysis of Panel Data (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN: 978-0521522717 |
| 别名 | descriptive study, descriptive survey design, observational descriptive research, non-experimental descriptive research | panel study, panel survey, longitudinal panel, repeated-measures panel |
| 相关 | 3 | 3 |
| 摘要≠ | Descriptive research is a non-experimental quantitative design that systematically documents the characteristics, frequencies, or distributions of variables in a defined population at a given point in time. It answers 'what is' questions — who, what, when, where, and how much — without manipulating variables or drawing causal conclusions. It is one of the most widely used research designs across the social, behavioral, health, and education sciences. | Panel research is a quantitative longitudinal design in which the same individuals, organizations, or other units are measured repeatedly across two or more time points. Unlike cross-sectional surveys that capture a single snapshot, a panel tracks change within units, enabling researchers to separate genuine within-unit change from between-unit differences and to model causal dynamics over time. |
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