方法对比

	德尔菲技术	内容分析	焦点小组研究	名义小组技术
领域	调查方法论	质性	质性	质性
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1950s–1963	Systematised through Krippendorff's methodology work; 4th edition 2018	1940s (sociological origin); modern applied form from the 1980s–1990s	1971
提出者	Norman Dalkey and Olaf Helmer (RAND Corporation)	Klaus Krippendorff (systematic formulation); roots in early 20th-century communications research	Robert K. Merton (sociological precursor, 1940s); popularised in applied research by Richard A. Krueger	André L. Delbecq and Andrew H. Van de Ven
类型	Iterative expert consensus technique	Qualitative / mixed-method research technique	Qualitative data collection method	Qualitative research method
开创性文献	Dalkey, N., & Helmer, O. (1963). An experimental application of the Delphi method to the use of experts. Management Science, 9(3), 458–467.	Krippendorff, K. (2018). Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology (4th ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-1506395661	Krueger, R.A. & Casey, M.A. (2014). Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research (5th ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-1483365244	Delbecq, A. L., & Van de Ven, A. H. (1971). A group process model for problem identification and program planning. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 7(4), 466–492.
别名	Delphi method, Delphi survey, expert consensus method, iterative expert panel	İçerik Analizi, systematic content coding, quantitative content analysis	focus group discussion, FGD, group interview, Odak Grup Araştırması	NGT, structured group process, nominal group process, priority-setting group method
相关	6	5	6	6
摘要	The Delphi technique is a structured, multi-round data collection method that harvests and refines expert opinion through iterative questionnaires and controlled feedback. Developed at RAND Corporation in the 1950s, it is designed to converge a dispersed expert panel toward a reliable consensus on complex, uncertain, or future-oriented questions — without the conformity pressures of face-to-face group discussion.	Content analysis is a systematic research technique for reducing text, visual, or media material into coded categories so that patterns can be counted, compared, and interpreted. Formalised by Klaus Krippendorff in his widely cited methodology textbook (latest edition 2018), the method sits at the boundary of qualitative and quantitative inquiry: it imposes structured, replicable coding on inherently meaning-laden material.	Focus group research is a qualitative data-collection method in which a trained moderator guides structured discussions with homogeneous groups of six to ten participants to explore ideas, attitudes, and perceptions on a defined topic. Developed from sociological roots in the 1940s and systematised for applied research by Krueger and Casey, the method leverages group interaction as a data source — revealing not just what people think, but how they negotiate and articulate views in a social setting.	The Nominal Group Technique (NGT) is a structured group facilitation method designed to generate and prioritise ideas, problems, or solutions while ensuring equal participation from all members. Developed by Delbecq and Van de Ven in 1971, it combines silent individual idea generation with structured group discussion and systematic voting to produce a ranked list of priorities. Unlike unstructured focus groups, NGT prevents dominant voices from suppressing quieter participants, making it especially valuable for needs assessment, program planning, and stakeholder priority-setting in applied research and policy contexts.