方法对比

	DBSCAN	K-means聚类	谱聚类
领域	机器学习	机器学习	机器学习
方法族	Machine learning	Machine learning	Machine learning
起源年份	1996	1967 (formalized 1982)	2002
提出者	Ester, M., Kriegel, H.-P., Sander, J. & Xu, X.	MacQueen, J. B.; Lloyd, S. P.	Ng, A. Y.; Jordan, M. I.; Weiss, Y.
类型	Density-based clustering algorithm	Partitional clustering	Graph-based clustering (spectral method)
开创性文献	Ester, M., Kriegel, H.-P., Sander, J. & Xu, X. (1996). A Density-Based Algorithm for Discovering Clusters in Large Spatial Databases with Noise. Proceedings of the 2nd KDD, 226–231.	Lloyd, S. P. (1982). Least squares quantization in PCM. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 28(2), 129–137.	Ng, A. Y., Jordan, M. I., & Weiss, Y. (2002). On Spectral Clustering: Analysis and an Algorithm. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 14, 849–856.
别名	DBSCAN Kümeleme, density-based clustering, density-based spatial clustering	k-means clustering, Lloyd's algorithm, k-means partitioning, hard k-means	NJW spectral clustering, graph Laplacian clustering, normalized spectral clustering, spectral graph clustering
相关	3	4	5
摘要	DBSCAN is a density-based clustering algorithm, introduced by Ester, Kriegel, Sander and Xu in 1996, that groups together points lying in dense regions and flags points in sparse regions as noise. It is effective on noisy data and on clusters of irregular, non-spherical shapes.	K-means is a classic unsupervised partitional clustering algorithm that divides a dataset into K non-overlapping groups by iteratively assigning each observation to its nearest centroid and updating centroids as the mean of their assigned points. It is one of the most widely used exploratory tools in machine learning and data analysis.	Spectral Clustering is a graph-based unsupervised learning algorithm, formalized by Ng, Jordan, and Weiss in 2002, that maps data points into a low-dimensional eigenspace derived from the similarity graph's Laplacian before applying k-means. This spectral embedding makes it possible to recover clusters of arbitrary shape — rings, crescents, interleaved spirals — that Euclidean distance-based methods consistently fail to separate.