方法对比

	队列研究	日记法	调查
领域	流行病学	调查方法论	调查方法论
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	Mid-20th century (formal epidemiological design codified ~1950s)	1920s–1940s (systematised by Allport, 1942)	Late 19th century; systematic social-science use from 1940s
提出者	Doll & Hill (British Doctors Study, 1951); Snow (cholera, 1854)	Gordon Allport (systematic social-science use); Nels Anderson (early fieldwork diaries)	Francis Galton, Charles Booth, and early social statisticians; formalised by Paul Lazarsfeld in the 1940s
类型	Observational longitudinal study design	Qualitative / mixed-methods data-collection technique	Quantitative (primarily) or mixed-methods data-collection instrument
开创性文献	Rothman, K. J., Greenland, S., & Lash, T. L. (2008). Modern Epidemiology (3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN: 978-0781755641	Alaszewski, A. (2006). Using Diaries for Social Research. Sage. ISBN: 978-0761941415	Dillman, D. A., Smyth, J. D., & Christian, L. M. (2014). Internet, Phone, Mail, and Mixed-Mode Surveys: The Tailored Design Method (4th ed.). Wiley. ISBN: 978-1118456149
别名	longitudinal study, follow-up study, panel study, incidence study	diary study, diary technique, self-report diary, daily diary method	questionnaire survey, survey research, self-report survey, questionnaire study
相关	6	5	6
摘要	A cohort study assembles a group of individuals who share a common starting point — typically freedom from the outcome of interest — and follows them over time to observe who develops the outcome. By comparing incidence rates between exposed and unexposed subgroups, researchers can estimate relative risk and absolute risk differences. Cohort studies are the gold-standard observational design for measuring disease incidence and establishing temporal relationships between exposure and outcome.	The diary method is a data-collection technique in which participants record their thoughts, behaviours, events, or experiences in their own words at regular or event-contingent intervals over a defined study period. By capturing data close in time to the event, diaries reduce retrospective recall bias and give researchers access to the texture of everyday life as it unfolds — something one-off surveys and retrospective interviews cannot provide.	A survey is a systematic data-collection method in which a standardised set of questions is posed to a sample of respondents to measure attitudes, behaviours, demographics, or other constructs. Surveys can be administered via paper, telephone, online platforms, or face-to-face. They are among the most widely used instruments in social, behavioural, health, and educational research because they can reach large, geographically dispersed samples at relatively low cost.