方法对比
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| 簇抽样× | 多层模型× | |
|---|---|---|
| 领域≠ | 调查方法论 | 研究统计学 |
| 方法族 | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| 起源年份≠ | Early-to-mid 20th century; canonical treatment 1953/1977 | 1992 |
| 提出者≠ | Formalized by William G. Cochran; roots in early 20th-century U.S. Census Bureau survey practice | Anthony Bryk and Stephen Raudenbush |
| 类型≠ | Probability sampling design | Method |
| 开创性文献≠ | Cochran, W. G. (1977). Sampling Techniques (3rd ed.). Wiley. ISBN: 978-0471162407 | Bryk, A. S., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1992). Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods. SAGE Publications. DOI ↗ |
| 别名≠ | cluster random sampling, area sampling, one-stage cluster sampling | HLM, mixed-effects models, random effects models, MLM |
| 相关≠ | 5 | 3 |
| 摘要≠ | Cluster sampling is a probability sampling technique in which the population is divided into naturally occurring groups (clusters), a random sample of clusters is selected, and all — or a random subset of — members within each selected cluster are studied. It is especially practical when a complete population list is unavailable or when units are geographically dispersed, making individual random selection prohibitively expensive. One-stage cluster sampling surveys every member of selected clusters; two-stage designs add a second random draw within clusters. | Multilevel modeling (also called hierarchical linear modeling, mixed-effects modeling) is a statistical framework for analyzing data organized in nested or clustered structures—students within schools, patients within hospitals, repeated measures within individuals. Developed by Bryk and Raudenbush (1992), it accounts for dependency among observations and partitions variance into levels (within-cluster and between-cluster), enabling valid inference and revealing context effects. Essential in education, medicine, organizational research, and any field where data have natural hierarchies. |
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