方法对比

	病例对照研究	队列研究
领域	流行病学	流行病学
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1950s (formal methodology); precursors in the 1920s	Mid-20th century (formal epidemiological design codified ~1950s)
提出者	Janet Lane-Claypon (early precursors, 1926); formalized by Brian MacMahon and Jerome Cornfield in the 1950s–1960s	Doll & Hill (British Doctors Study, 1951); Snow (cholera, 1854)
类型	Observational analytic study design	Observational longitudinal study design
开创性文献	Schlesselman, J.J. (1982). Case-Control Studies: Design, Conduct, Analysis. Oxford University Press. ISBN: 978-0195027860	Rothman, K. J., Greenland, S., & Lash, T. L. (2008). Modern Epidemiology (3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN: 978-0781755641
别名	case-referent study, case-control design, retrospective case-control, case-control analysis	longitudinal study, follow-up study, panel study, incidence study
相关	6	6
摘要	A case-control study is a retrospective observational design in which individuals who have developed a disease or outcome of interest (cases) are compared with individuals who have not (controls) to determine whether prior exposure to a putative risk factor differs between the two groups. The primary measure of association is the odds ratio, which approximates the relative risk when the outcome is rare. Case-control studies are especially efficient for investigating rare diseases and generating etiological hypotheses.	A cohort study assembles a group of individuals who share a common starting point — typically freedom from the outcome of interest — and follows them over time to observe who develops the outcome. By comparing incidence rates between exposed and unexposed subgroups, researchers can estimate relative risk and absolute risk differences. Cohort studies are the gold-standard observational design for measuring disease incidence and establishing temporal relationships between exposure and outcome.