人口学与精算
7 种方法属于此方法族。
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生物等效性分析（双单侧检验法）Bioequivalence Analysis is a regulatory-grade statistical framework used to determine whether a test drug formulation (generic or reformulated) delivers the active ingredient to th队列-要素人口预测Cohort-Component Projection is the standard demographic method for forecasting future population size and age-sex structure by explicitly tracking births, deaths, and migration forEmax模型：药效剂量-效应分析The Emax model is a nonlinear pharmacodynamic model that describes the relationship between drug concentration and biological effect. Introduced by Holford and Sheiner in 1981, it 李-卡特模型The Lee-Carter model is a stochastic framework for modeling and forecasting age-specific mortality rates, introduced by Ronald Lee and Lawrence Carter in their landmark 1992 paper.迁移模型（推拉/多区域）Migration models are quantitative frameworks for explaining and forecasting population movement between geographic units. Lee's (1966) push-pull theory classifies factors at origin稳定人口理论Stable Population Theory is a mathematical framework in demography that describes the age structure and growth dynamics of a closed population subject to constant age-specific fert
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