So sánh phương pháp

	Participatory Digital Ethnography	Netnography	Nghiên cứu Hành động Có sự tham gia (PAR)
Lĩnh vực	Định tính	Định tính	Định tính
Họ	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Năm ra đời	2000s–2010s	1997 (coined); 2010 (first comprehensive methodology book)	1940s (Lewin); PAR as distinct tradition formalised ~1970s–1980s
Người khởi xướng	Sarah Pink and colleagues; building on Christine Hine's virtual ethnography and Kemmis & McTaggart's participatory action research traditions	Robert V. Kozinets	Kurt Lewin (action research foundations, 1940s); systematised for participatory contexts by Orlando Fals Borda, Paulo Freire, and William Foote Whyte
Loại	Qualitative research design	Qualitative research method	Qualitative research method
Công trình gốc	Pink, S., Horst, H., Postill, J., Hjorth, L., Lewis, T., & Tacchi, J. (2016). Digital Ethnography: Principles and Practice. Sage. ISBN: 978-1446200957	Kozinets, R. V. (2010). Netnography: Doing Ethnographic Research Online. Sage. ISBN: 978-1847875907	Kemmis, S., McTaggart, R., & Nixon, R. (2014). The Action Research Planner: Doing Critical Participatory Action Research. Springer.
Tên gọi khác	PDE, collaborative digital ethnography, participatory online ethnography, participatory virtual ethnography	online ethnography, virtual ethnography, cyber-ethnography, digital ethnography	PAR, community-based participatory research, collaborative action research, participatory inquiry
Liên quan	3	6	6
Tóm tắt	Participatory Digital Ethnography (PDE) is a qualitative research design that combines the immersive observation of digital ethnography with the collaborative, co-inquiry stance of participatory action research. Researchers work alongside community members within digital environments — social media platforms, online forums, gaming worlds, or hybrid digital-physical spaces — co-producing knowledge rather than studying participants from a detached observer position.	Netnography is a qualitative research method that adapts the principles of cultural ethnography to the study of online communities and social media environments. Coined by Robert Kozinets in 1997 and systematised in his 2010 handbook, netnography treats digital spaces — forums, social networks, blogs, review sites — as naturally occurring field sites where communities gather, share meanings, and construct identities. The method combines unobtrusive observation of digital traces with active participation and, where appropriate, direct member interaction.	Participatory Action Research (PAR) is a qualitative, community-centred methodology in which researchers and community members collaborate as co-investigators to identify a shared problem, take deliberate action, observe outcomes, and reflect critically on results — cycling iteratively until meaningful change is achieved. Unlike conventional research that studies people from the outside, PAR treats participants as active agents who co-own the research process, the knowledge produced, and the practical interventions that follow.